The document discusses the concept of perception. It defines perception as the process by which people select, organize and interpret information from their surroundings to develop a view of reality. Perception involves sensory experiences that are subjective and unique to each individual. The perceptual process involves selecting stimuli, organizing that information, and interpreting it. Factors like attitudes, motives, experiences and expectations influence a person's perceptions. The document also discusses various factors that can distort accurate perception, such as stereotyping, halo effects, and perceptual defenses.
The document discusses the concept of perception. It defines perception as the process by which people select, organize and interpret information from their surroundings to develop a view of reality. Perception involves sensory experiences that are subjective and unique to each individual. The perceptual process involves selecting stimuli, organizing that information, and interpreting it. Factors like attitudes, motives, experiences and expectations influence a person's perceptions. The document also discusses various factors that can distort accurate perception, such as stereotyping, halo effects, and perceptual defenses.
The document discusses the concept of perception. It defines perception as the process by which people select, organize and interpret information from their surroundings to develop a view of reality. Perception involves sensory experiences that are subjective and unique to each individual. The perceptual process involves selecting stimuli, organizing that information, and interpreting it. Factors like attitudes, motives, experiences and expectations influence a person's perceptions. The document also discusses various factors that can distort accurate perception, such as stereotyping, halo effects, and perceptual defenses.
The document discusses the concept of perception. It defines perception as the process by which people select, organize and interpret information from their surroundings to develop a view of reality. Perception involves sensory experiences that are subjective and unique to each individual. The perceptual process involves selecting stimuli, organizing that information, and interpreting it. Factors like attitudes, motives, experiences and expectations influence a person's perceptions. The document also discusses various factors that can distort accurate perception, such as stereotyping, halo effects, and perceptual defenses.
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16.01.
2010/ Reshmi Pillai/ OB
PERCEPTION Perception Is The Process By Which People Select, Organize, Interpret and Respond to Information From The World Around Them. It may be described As a Persons View Of Reality.
WHAT IS PERCEPTION ? What do you see?
Now what do you see?
16.01.2010/ Reshmi Pillai/ OB
WE DONT SEE THINGS AS THEY
ARE,
WE SEE THINGS AS WE ARE.
16.01.2010/ Reshmi Pillai/ OB
FEATURES OF PERCEPTION Sensory Experience: Perception is our sensory experience of the world around us and involves both the recognition of environment stimuli and actions in response to these stimuli.
Subjective: Perception is a subjective process because
different people may look at the same event from different angles and interpret the same in multifarious ways.
Filter: Perception serves like a filter through which
information passes before it has an effect on people. Unique Interpretation: Perception is a unique interpretation of the situation, not an exact recording of it. Seeing Things Differently: is an inevitable outcome of perception. Because of individual differences, perception vary among people and differ from objective reality. Basis of Human Behavior: There can be no behavior without perception and perception lies at the base of every individual behavior. Observation Selection Organization (ext/int. factors)
Interpretation
PERCEPTUAL PROCESS THE PERCEPTUAL PROCESS
1. Sensation 3. Organization An individuals ability to The process of placing detect stimuli in the selected perceptual immediate environment. stimuli into a framework 2. Selection for storage. The process a person 4. Translation uses to eliminate some of The stage of the the stimuli that have perceptual process at been sensed and to which stimuli are retain others for further interpreted and given processing. meaning.
that is discomforting, that seems irrelevant, or that contradicts ones Values and Beliefs. ATTENTION FACTORS IN SELECTION 1. EXTERNAL FACTORS 2. INTERNAL FACTORS
EXTERNAL FACTORS 1. SIZE 2. INTENSITY 3. CONTRAST 4. REPETITION 5. MOTION 6. NOVELTY AND FAMIIARITY SIZE Larger the Object Higher is the Probability of Getting Noticed.
Ex: Full Page Advertisement in a Newspaper, A Very Tall
Person In Crowd etc.
INTENSITY The More Intense The External Stimuli The More Likely It Is To Be Perceived. Ex: A Loud Noise, Bright Light, Celebrity Endorsements etc CONTRAST The External Stimuli Which Stands Out Against The Background Will Receive More Attention REPETITION A Repeated Stimuli Is More Attention Drawing Than a Single One Ex: Same Advertisement or Different Advertisement But For The Same Product Shown Again & Again.
MOTION An Animated Sign Attracts More Attention Than a Billboard NOVELTY AND FAMILIARITY
A New And Unique Stimulus Will Often
Be Perceived More Readily Than Those Observed On A Regular Basis.
Perceived Ex: A Person With Positive Self Concept Is Likely To Notice Positive Attributes In Another Person.
The person who believes they can do something
is probably right.... And who believes they cant do they can't. EXPERIENCE Successful Experience Enhance And Boost The Perceptive Abilities And Lead To Accuracy In Perception Of a Person Where Failure Comes In The Way Of Self Confidence.
It Creates An Expectancy Which Makes Him See
What He Wants To See VALUES AND BELEIFS Information is Remembered which is consistent with our Values and Attitudes and rest is ignored which is inconsistent with them.
Ex: In spite of all their mistakes, our employees
are doing the best they can. EXPECTATIONS Expectations can influence perceptions in what we will see what we expect to see.
Ex: If we imagine that our boss is unhappy
with our performance, we feel threatened by termination notice. Learning refers to any relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs as a result Turn Off The of experience. The Engine
Learning plays a big
role in developing ones perception.
LEARNING II.PERCEPTUAL ORGANISING Perceptual Organization Is The Process By Which People Categorize According To Their Frame Of Reference, based On Their Past Learning And Experiences.
Following Principles Are Kept in Mind While
Organising the Information into a Meaningful One. These are:
and focus on a stimulus that is classified as figure as opposed to background. PERCEPTUAL GROUPING
It is the Tendency to group several individual
stimuli into a meaningful and recognizable pattern.
Some factors Underlying Grouping are
-Continuity -Closure -Proximity -Similarity CLOSURE Perceiving a whole where it does not exist
Fill in the missing stimuli
SIMPLIFICATION
Making Information More Easy To Remember,
Meaningful And Subtracting Less Important Information And Concentrating On Important One. CONTINUITY A person tends to Perceive the Extension of a Stimulus Thinking Along Existing lines PROXIMITY
A group of stimuli that are physically
close to each other are perceived as a set of parts belonging together SIMILARITY
The greater the similarity of the stimuli,
the more they are likely to be perceived as a common group Perceptual Constancy The perception of elements like size, shape, color, brightness and location of an object remains constant & does not change from people to people.
For instance, even though the picture of an
apple is printed in black and white, we still perceive the color of the fruit as red. Perceptual Context
Context provides meaning and value
to objects, events, situation and other people.
Different contexts convey different
meanings to people. PERCEPTUAL INTERPRETATION
After Selecting and Organising the
Stimuli has to be Interpreted in order to make a sensible meaning.
Perceiver cant draw any meaning
without interpretation.
Perceiver uses his Assumption of
People, Things, Object and Situation FACTORS INFLUENCING PERCEPTION Factors in the perceiver Attitudes Motives Interests Experience Expectations
Factors in the situation
Perception Time Work Setting Social Setting Factors in the Target Novelty Motion Sounds Size Background Proximity Similarity PERCEPTUAL DISTORTIONS Errors in Perceptual Judgement are called Perceptual Judgement. Following are Barriers To Perceptual Accuracy: Barriers to Perceptual Accuracy Stereotyping Halo effect Projection Expectancy Effect Primacy Effect:First impressions Recency Effect Perceptual Defense Attribution Stereotypes or prototypes: Combines information based on the category or class to which a person, situation, or object belongs. Strong impact at the organization stage. Individual differences are obscured. Halo effects:
Occur when one attribute of a person or situation is
used to develop an overall impression of the individual or situation. Likely to occur in the organization stage. Individual differences are obscured. Important in the performance appraisal process. Selective perception:
The tendency to single out those aspects of a situation,
person, or object that are consistent with ones needs, values, or attitudes. Strongest impact is at the attention stage. Perception checking with other persons can help counter the adverse impact of selective perception. Projection:
The assignment of ones personal attributes to other
individuals. Especially likely to occur in interpretation stage. Projection can be controlled through a high degree of self-awareness and empathy. Contrast effects:
Occur when an individual is compared to other people
on the same characteristics on which the others rank higher or lower. Self-fulfilling prophecy:
The tendency to create or find in another situation or
individual that which one expected to find. Also called the Pygmalion effect. Can have either positive or negative outcomes. Managers should adopt positive and optimistic approaches to people at work. Attribution theory aids in perceptual interpretation by focusing on how people attempt to:
Understand the causes of a certain event.
Assess responsibility for the outcomes of the event.
Evaluate the personal qualities of the people involved
in the event.
WHAT IS ATTRIBUTION THEORY?
Role of Perception in Decision Making Process
The perception of a situation is central to the
decision making process.
To make effective decisions a manager must not
only perceive but understand other people.
The individual decision makers perceptual
process will have a large bearing on the final outcome. CONCLUSION
Perception in Decision-making is based on a persons internal understanding of reality rather than reality itself. If everyone perceived everything the same way,things would be a lot simpler THANK YOU 48
