PLPG 2017

LOGIC AND GATES

DR. MUHAMMAD YUSRO
 Introduction to Logic (1)
Logic diagram: a graphical representation
of a circuit
Each type of gate is represented by a specific
graphical symbol
Truth table: defines the function of a gate
by listing all possible input combinations that
the gate could encounter, and the
corresponding output

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 Introduction to Logic (2)
Many digital electronic processes are
designed around logic circuits.

The Inputs and Outputs in logic have only two values:

0 & 1;
High & Low;
On & Off;
True and False.

Logic is ideally suited to help design

digital electronic circuits because of its binary nature.

We will look at some fundamental logic circuits.

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 Logic: Switches in Series
S1 S2 Lit

0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 0
1 1 1
S1 S2

The bulb will light only under certain conditions: what?

Complete the following:

The bulb will turn on only when switches S1 ___ S2 are
closed, for all other combinations the bulb is off.
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 Logic: Switches in Parallel
S1 S2 Lit

0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1
S1

S2
The bulb will light under certain conditions: what?

Complete the following:

The bulb will turn on when switches S1 ___ S2 are
closed, for all other combinations the bulb is off. 5
 Logic: Opposites!
S Lit

S 0 1
1 0

The bulb will light under certain conditions: what?

Complete the following:

The bulb will turn on when switch S is ____, and turn
off when switch S is ______.

This circuit is for illustration only!

If this was a real circuit, what would happen to the battery
when switch S was closed?
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 Truth Tables
The tables on the previous pages are truth tables.

Truth Tables list:

All combinations of all possible inputs,
Every Output for each combination of inputs.

There are special circuits called logic gates which

can be used in control situations.

S1 S2 Lit S1 S2 Lit S1 Lit

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 1 0 0 1 1 1 0
1 0 0 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
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CONSTRUCTING
GATES

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A gate is a device that performs a
basic operation on electrical
signals
Gates are combined into circuits
to perform more complicated tasks

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 A transistor is a device that acts, depending on
the voltage level of an input signal, either as a wire
that conducts electricity or as a resistor that blocks
the flow of electricity
A transistor has no moving parts, yet acts like
a switch
It is made of a semiconductor material, which is
neither a particularly good conductor of electricity,
such as copper, nor a particularly good insulator,
such as rubber

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 Introducing Transistors

Transistors are process devices.

This is the symbol for an NPN transistor.3

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 Transistor Terminals

Transistors have three terminals:

Collector

Base

Emitter

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 Constructing Gates

A transistor has three terminals

A source
A base
An emitter, typically connected to
a ground wire
If the electrical signal is
grounded, it is allowed to flow
through an alternative route to
the ground (literally) where it
can do no harm
Figure 4.8 The connections of a transistor

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 Transistor as a Switch
Transistors can be used as switches.1

Transistor Switch

Transistors can either

conduct or not conduct current.2
ie, transistors can either be on or off.2
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 How Transistors Work
Collector
Switching is
controlled by
the voltage
between the
Base Base and the
Emitter.
Emitter

When VBE < 0.7V the transistor switches off and

no current flows between the Collector and the Emitter.

When VBE 0.7V the transistor switches on and

current flows between the Collector and the Emitter.
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 Transistor Switching Example15

X
12V

Variable
Voltage
Supply

When VBE is less than 0.7V the transistor is off

and the lamp does not light.

When VBE is greater than 0.7V the transistor is on

and the lamp lights.
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 Constructing Gates

It turns out that, because the way a transistor

works, the easiest gates to create are the NOT,
NAND, and NOR gates

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Figure 4.9 Constructing gates using transistors
 Gates

Lets examine the processing of the following

six types of gates
NOT
AND
OR
XOR
NAND
NOR
Typically, logic diagrams are black and white, and the
gates are distinguished only by their shape
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 NOT Gate

A NOT gate accepts one input value

and produces one output value

Figure 4.1 Various representations of a NOT gate

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 NOT Gate

By definition, if the input value for a NOT gate

is 0, the output value is 1, and if the input value
is 1, the output is 0
A NOT gate is sometimes referred to as an
inverter because it inverts the input value

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 AND Gate

An AND gate accepts two input signals

If the two input values for an AND gate are both
1, the output is 1; otherwise, the output is 0

Figure 4.2 Various representations of an AND gate 21

 OR Gate

If the two input values are both 0, the output

value is 0; otherwise, the output is 1

Figure 4.3 Various representations of a OR gate 22

 XOR Gate

XOR, or exclusive OR, gate

An XOR gate produces 0 if its two inputs are the
same, and a 1 otherwise
Note the difference between the XOR gate
and the OR gate; they differ only in one
input situation
When both input signals are 1, the OR gate
produces a 1 and the XOR produces a 0

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 XOR Gate

Figure 4.4 Various representations of an XOR gate

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 NAND and NOR Gates

The NAND and NOR gates are essentially the

opposite of the AND and OR gates, respectively

Figure 4.5 Various representations

of a NAND gate

Figure 4.6 Various representations

of a NOR gate
 Review of Gate Processing

A NOT gate inverts its single input value

An AND gate produces 1 if both input values are
1
An OR gate produces 1 if one or the other or
both input values are 1

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 Review of Gate Processing (cont.)

An XOR gate produces 1 if one or the other (but

not both) input values are 1
A NAND gate produces the opposite results of
an AND gate
A NOR gate produces the opposite results of an
OR gate

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 Gates with More Inputs

Gates can be designed to accept three or more

input values
A three-input AND gate, for example, produces
an output of 1 only if all input values are 1

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Figure 4.7 Various representations of a three-input AND gate
 Circuits

Two general categories

In a combinational circuit, the input values explicitly
determine the output
In a sequential circuit, the output is a function of the input
values as well as the existing state of the circuit
As with gates, we can describe the operations
of entire circuits using three notations
Boolean expressions
logic diagrams
truth tables
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 Combinational Circuits

Gates are combined into circuits by using the output of

one gate as the input for another

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 Combinational Circuits

Page 100
Because there are three inputs to this circuit, eight rows are
required to describe all possible input combinations
This same circuit using Boolean algebra:
(AB + AC)
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32
 Now lets go the other way; lets take a Boolean
expression and draw

Consider the following Boolean expression: A(B + C)

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Now compare the final result column in this truth table to the
truth table for the previous example
They are identical
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 Now lets go the other way; lets take a Boolean
expression and draw

We have therefore just demonstrated circuit

equivalence
That is, both circuits produce the exact same output for each
input value combination
Boolean algebra allows us to apply provable
mathematical principles to help us design
logical circuits

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 Properties of Boolean Algebra

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