COMPUTER APPLICATION FOR BUSINESS
UNIVERSITY OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
COMPUTER SCIENCE DEPARTMENT
COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
ARCHITECTURE
Azhi A. Faraj
What is Computer?
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Is a machine that can solve problems for people by
carrying out instructions given to it
The sequence of instructions is call Program
The language machine can understand is call
machine language
What is in a Computer System?
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Each system is different, but generally have similar parts:
Must have:
Processor: Executes Instructions
Memory: Stores Programs and data
I/O devices: Input, Output, Both (input and output)
Generally have:
Cache memory
System bus: Transfers data, CPU facing, I/O Bus
Memory controller
I/O bus
Types of Computer
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Ex: PC, Mainframe, Laptop, Personal Digital Assistant
PC Mainframe Laptop PDA
These types is classified according to the capacity,
speed, cost, efficiency, reliability and typical users.
Computer components:
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Computer Hardware:
it is a physical part. Some Hardware tools are
responsible for data input and output during
implementing the computer tasks.
Ex: CPU, Main Memory, Secondary Memory and I/O
devices
Computer Software:
System software is responsible for controlling,
integrating, and managing the individual hardware
components of a computer system .
Computer System Layers
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End User
Programmer
Application Programs Operating
System
Designer
Utilities
Operating System
Computer Hardware
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Computer Software
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A- Application Software: is used to accomplish specific
tasks other than just running the computer system.
Application software may consist of a single program,
Such as an image viewer; Microsoft Office; Audio Player; web
browser and so on.
B- System Software:
System software refers to the files and programs that
make up your computer's operating system.
Such as: Windows, Linux, Mac os x.
Why study CA?!
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Technology is always changing!
CA should adapt !
Not only influence organization but also result in the
introduction of more powerful and more complex
architectures.
Requirements are always changing!
Speed, power, cost, reliability etc.!
Understand computer performance!
What is Architecture?!
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Architecture!
Science and art of interconnecting building materials to
construct various buildings, subject to constraints!
Materials: brick, concrete, glass etc.!
Buildings: house, Office, Auditorium etc.!
Constraints: cost, safety, time etc.!
What is Computer Architecture?!
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Computer Architecture: Science and art of
interconnecting hardware components to create
computers, subject to constraints!
Hardware components: gates, circuit technology etc.!
Computers: desktop, server, mobile phone etc. !
Constraints: performance, energy, cost etc.
Computer Architecture
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Architecture: art or practice of designing
Whats Inside?
How is it put together?
How does it work?
Organization and Architecture
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It is an architectural design issue whether a computer will
have a multiply instruction.
It is an organizational issue whether that instruction will be
implemented by a special multiply unit or by a mechanism
that makes repeated use of the add unit of the system
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Architecture
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Interface between hardware and software
Programmer's view in terms of instructions, addressing
modes and registers
Describes what computer does
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What is Machine Language?
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Machine language(ML) is a system of instructions and data
executed directly by a computer's Central Processing Unit
The codes are strings of 0s and 1s, or binary digits (bits)
Instructions typically use some bits to represent
Operations (addition )
Operands or
Location of the next instruction.
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Machine Language contd..
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Advantages
Machine can directly access (Electronic circuit)
High Speed
Disadvantages
Human cannot identify
Machine depended
(Hardware depended)
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High-level And Low-level Language
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High level programming languages
languages or syntax which close to human languages
so, it is easy to understand
such as java, C, or so on.
The low level programming languages
close to machine languages
such as Assembly language
Complex systems
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The hierarchical nature of complex systems is essential to
both their design and their description.
The designer need only deal with a particular level of the
system at a time.
At each level, the system consists of a set of components and
their interrelationships.
At each level, the designer is concerned with structure and
function
Structure & Function
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Structure
It is the way in which components relate to each other
Function
It is the operation of individual components as part of the
structure
Function
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Basic computer functions:
Data processing:
The computer, of course, must be able to process data
Data storage:
t is also essential that a computer store data.
Data movement
The computer must be able to move data between itself and the
outside world.
Control
a control unit manages the computers resources and orchestrates the
performance of its functional parts in response to instructions
Functional view
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A Functional view of a computer
- Source and destination of data
- I/O Data
- Data Communication Storage
Facility
Data Control
Movement Mechanism
Data
Processing
Facility
Operations (1)
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Data movement
Transferring data from one peripheral or communications
line to another
e.g. keyboard to screen
Data
Storage
Facility
Data Control
Movement Mechanism
Data
Processing
Facility
Operations (2)
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Storage
Data transferred from the external environment to
computer storage (read) and vice versa (write).
e.g. Internet download to disk
Data
Storage
Facility
Data Control
Movement Mechanism
Data
Processing
Facility
Operation (3)
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Processing from/to storage
e.g. updating bank statement
Data
Storage
Facility
Data Control
Movement Mechanism
Data
Processing
Facility
Operation (4)
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Processing from storage to I/O
e.g. printing a word document
Data
Storage
Facility
Data Control
Movement Mechanism
Data
Processing
Facility