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Streamflow

This document discusses methods for establishing stream gauging stations and measuring streamflow, including: 1. Selecting stream cross sections that are straight, stable, and free of obstructions for accurate flow measurement. 2. Measuring streamflow by taking depth and velocity readings across a cross section and calculating discharge. 3. Developing a rating curve relationship between stage/depth and discharge and using it to estimate streamflow from water level readings.

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Shoby Kesavan Pillai
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© © All Rights Reserved
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111 views

Streamflow

This document discusses methods for establishing stream gauging stations and measuring streamflow, including: 1. Selecting stream cross sections that are straight, stable, and free of obstructions for accurate flow measurement. 2. Measuring streamflow by taking depth and velocity readings across a cross section and calculating discharge. 3. Developing a rating curve relationship between stage/depth and discharge and using it to estimate streamflow from water level readings.

Uploaded by

Shoby Kesavan Pillai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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WATERSHED

CURRENT METER
MEASURING STREAMFLOW
Flow Measurement
GOOD CROSS-SECTION
Stilling Well
STREAM GAUGES
STAFF GAUGE
Establishing Gauging Station Transect
Stream morphology
Straight reach no meandering (no eddies
and still water)
Well define bank - stable river bank - no
collapse bank
No obstruction (bridge pier or trees or
boulder)
Accessibility
Safety concern
SELECTING A STREAM GAUGING STATION
The section should be straight and uniform for
a length of about 10 to 20 times the width of
the stream
The bed and banks of the stream should be
firm and stable so as to ensure consistency of
area-discharge relationship
The bed and banks should be free from
vegetal growth, boulders or other
obstructions like bridge piers
There should be no larger overflow section at
flood stage. The best cross section is one with
V-shape, so that there is sufficient depth for
immersing the current meter without being
affected by the bed roughness of the stream.
The part of the reach having the most regular
transverse section and steady flow with the
current normal to the metering section and
velocities in the range of 0.31.2 m/sec should
be selected
To ensure consistency between stage and
discharge, there should be a good control
section far downstream of the gauging site
The sites above the confluence of rivers are
best avoided if the flow is affected by back
water conditions due to the varying discharges
in the tributaries
The stream gauging station should be easily
accessible
Safety concern
Flow Measurement
Distance Mean
Measuring
across Depth (m) velocity
point
stream (m) (m/s)
A 0 0 0
B 4.2 0.3 0.13
C 7.9 0.7 0.18
D 11.5 1.0 0.46
E 14.9 0.9 0.36
F 18.5 0.9 0.34
G 23.7 1.1 0.46
H 28.9 1.2 0.71
River Gauging
Depth (m) Discharge (m3/s)
0.64 0.88
0.86 2.02
0.95 3.30
1.03 5.00
1.14 7.58
1.32 12.40
1.44 15.36
1.50 17.51
Rating Curve
Rating Curve Rating Curve
30 1.8

1.6
25
1.4
Discharge (m3/s)

Stage - Depth (m)


20 1.2

1.0
15
0.8

10 0.6

0.4
5
0.2

0
0.0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Stage - Depth (m) Discharge (m3/s)
RATING EQUATION
Power Type: Q = K(H a)n

Parabolic Type: Q = C2(H a)2 + C1(H a) + Co


RATING EQUATION
(EXPONENTIAL)
Rating Curve
35

y = 0.135e3.2982x
30
R = 0.9768
25
Discharge (m3/s)

20

15

10

0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Stage - Depth (m)


RATING EQUATION
(POWER)
Rating Curve
30

y = 4.1951x3.6656
25
R = 0.9934
Discharge (m3/s)

20

15

10

0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Stage - Depth (m)


RATING EQUATION
(POLYNOMIAL)
Rating Curve
30

y = 25.644x2 - 34.403x + 12.73


25
R = 0.9842
Discharge (m3/s)

20

15

10

0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

Stage - Depth (m)


RATING EQUATION
a = 0.6
Discharge
(H - a) log (H - a) log Q
Depth (m) (m3/s)
0.64 0.88 0.04 -1.40 -0.06
0.86 2.02 0.26 -0.59 0.31
0.95 3.30 0.35 -0.46 0.52
1.03 5.00 0.43 -0.37 0.70
1.14 7.58 0.54 -0.27 0.88
1.32 12.40 0.72 -0.14 1.09
1.44 15.36 0.84 -0.08 1.19
RATING CURVE
y = 1.8039x + 1.3526
Log Q vs Log (H - a)
R = 0.9954
1.6

1.4

1.2
Log Q

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
-0.70 -0.60 -0.50 -0.40 -0.30 -0.20 -0.10 0.00 0.10
Log (H-a)
RATING EQUATION
Log Q = n Log (H a) + Log (K)
y = mx + c

From original rating curve, a = 0.6 m


From log Q log (H-a) curve,
n = 1.8039 and log K = 1.3526, so K = 22.52
RIVER CROSS-SECTION
RIVER CROSS-SECTION
EXTENSION OF THE
RATING CURVE
Logarithmic Method
Stevens Method
LOGARITHMIC EXTRAPOLATION METHOD

Applied only to very regular cross


sections:
Q = (h ho )n
STEVENS METHOD
Applying the Chezys formula or the
Mannings formula
Applied only for the uniform flow
Chezys Equation:
Q = [C S1/2] A R1/2
Mannings Equation:
Q = [K S1/2]A R2/3
FLOW MEASUREMENTS
Measurement of water stage
Measurement of flow velocity

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