Classification of Generator

protection
Stator Protection
Abnormal operating conditions
System back up protections
Rotor protection
GT protections
UT protections
 Over view of type of fault Vs protection
FAULT/ABN EFFECT PROTECTION
ML CONDN
Thermal over Over heating of stator Thermo couples/
loading wdg/insulation failure Over current relays
External Unbalanced loading stress Over load/negative phase
fault sequence relay
Stator faults Wdg burn out Differential prot
ph to ph/ Welding of core lamination 100% E/F prot/95% E/f
Ph to E Inter turn prot
Inter turn
Rotor fault Damage to shaft/bearing 2 stage rotor E/F protection
Motoring LFPR/Rev power Inter lock

O/V,O/F,U.F Insulation failure,Heating of O/V relay Volt/Hz relay

core failure of blades U/F relay
Loss of field Induction gen operation Loss of field
Absorb MVAR from
system/damage to rotor wdg
 GCB/NON GCB SCHEMES

A) Unit scheme:
(NON GCB SCHEME)
In this scheme no
switchgear is provided
between the generator and
generator transformer, which
are treated as a unit; a unit
transformer is tapped off the
interconnection for supplying
of power to auxiliary plant.
 GCB SCHEME
B) Generator circuit breaker
scheme:
In this scheme a generator
circuit breaker is provided
between the generator and
generator transformer. unit
transformer is tapped off before
the GCB for supplying of
power to auxiliary plant.
Generator grounding practices
Generator grounding practices
Generator grounding practices
Generator grounding practices
Generator earthing practices
TRIP LOGIC OF GENERATOR PROTECTION

TWO INDEPENDENT CHANNELS WITH INDEPENDENT

CT/VT INPUTS/DC SUPPLY/TRIP RELAY

CLASS A TRIPS
ALL ELECTRICAL TRIP
TRIP TURBINE , FIELD, GENERATOR,GT,UT
CLASS-B TRIP
MECHANICAL TRIPS
AVOID OVER SPEEDING OF TURBINE DUE TO STEAM
ENTRAPPED IN TURBINE. TURBINE TRIP SIGNAL IS GIVEN
FIRST AND THE ACTIVE POWER, SENSED BY THE LOW
FORWARD RELAY (32G) GIVES THE TRIP SIGNAL TO THE UNIT
BREAKER & FIELD BREAKER AFTER A TIME DELAY.
IN GCB SCHEME, ONLY GCB AND FIELD IS TRIPPED,KEEPING
UAT CHARGED THROUGH GT
IN NON GCB SCHEME, HV CB,FIELD,UT LCV CB ARE TRIPPED.

Class C
Trips only HV CB
Typical gen prot sld

Typical Generator
protection
scheme
RELAY GROUPING.
SL PROTECTION FUNCTION REMARK ON GROUPING
NO OF PROTECTION
1. Generator Differential Protection, 3 pole 87 G AND 87 GT SHALL
(87 G) having operating time of 25 milli BE ON TWO DIFFERENT
sec. or lower at five times the current CHANNELS OF
rating. PROTECTION.
2. Overall Differential Protection (87GT).

3. Generator Transformer Restricted 64RGT SHALL BE IN A

Earth Fault protection (64RGT) DIFFERENT CHANNEL
THAN 87 GT
4. Stator Earth Fault Protection covering 64 G1 AND 64 G2 SHALL
100% of winding (64G1), operating on BE ON TWO DIFFERENT
low frequency signal injection principle CHANNELS OF
suitable for continuous monitoring of PROTECTION.
stator insulation even during machine
shut down.

5. Stator Standby Earth Fault Protection

covering 95% of winding (trip) (64 G2)
with adjustable time delay
6. Inter-turn Fault Protection (95G1),
through comparison of zero sequence
voltage on generator phase and neutral
side.

7. DUPLICATED Loss of field protection 40G1 AND 40 G2 SHALL

(40G1/2 ). BE ON TWO DIFFERENT
CHANNELS OF
PROTECTION.
8. Back up Impedance Protection, 3 pole
(21G) along with suitable timer for Co-
ordination with line protections 21 G AND 51 NGT BE IN
9. Backup Earth Fault Protection on DIFFERENT CHANNELS
Generator Transformer HV neutral
(51NGT)
 RELAY GROUPING
1. Negative Sequence Current Protection,
alarm and I22t element for trip (46G)
matching with the machine
characteristics.

2. Duplicated Low-Forward Power / 37/32 G1 AND 37/32 G2

reverse power Interlock for steam SHALL BE IN TWO
turbine generator (37 /32G1 & 37/32 DIFFERENT CHANNELS
G2), each having two stages, short time OF PROTECTION
delayed interlocked with turbine trip
and long time delayed independent of
turbine trip.

3. Two Stage Rotor Earth Fault Protection

(alarm & trip) operating on principle of
continuously monitoring rotor insulation
value even during machine shut down
period (64F).

4. Definite Time Delayed Over-Voltage

Protection (59G) for alarm and trip.
Over Flux FUNCTION (99)
5. Generator Under Frequency Protection SHALL BE IN A
with alarm and stage tripping (81G) DIFFERENT CHANNEL
with df/dt elements. THAN O/V AND U/F
FUNCTIONS
6. Over Fluxing Protection (99) for
Generator / Generator Transformer
having inverse time characteristics
suitable for Generator /Generator
Transformer over fluxing capability.
7. Accidental Back Energisation protection
for accidental closure/flashover of EHV
breaker or EHV disconnecting switch
(50GDM)

8. Instantaneous and time delayed Over

Current protection to be used on HV
side of excitation transformer.
RELAY GROUPING
1. Generator Pole slipping protection

2. Generator under voltage relay for

interlocks

3. Unit Transformer Differential Protection,

3 pole (87UT)
87 UT & 51 NUT CAN BE
4. Unit Transformer LV back-up earth fault IN ONE CHANNEL AND
protection 64 UT LV & 51UT SHALL
( 51NUT). BE IN ANOTHER
CHANNEL.
5. Unit Transformer LV REF (64 UT LV)

6. Unit transformer back-up over current

protection (51UT).

DUPLICATED PROTECTIONS TO BE CONNECTED TO

TRIP RELAYS OF RESPECTIVE GROUPS .SINGLE
PROTECTION TO BE CONNECTED TO TRIP RELAYS OF
BOTH THE GROUPS.
 GENERATOR PROTECTIONS IN DETAIL
DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION
COVERS PHASE FAULTS (E/F NOT COVERED DUE TO
HIGH IMPEDANCE EARTHING RESULTING IN LOW E/F
CURRENT.)
EFFECTS:
HIGH CURRENTS
POTENTIAL DAMAGE TO MACHINES
EXPENSIVE OUTAGE/REPAIR DUE TO DAMAGE.

FEATURES:
UNIT TYPE PROTECTION
INSTANTANEOUS IN OPERATION.
COVERS THE STATOR WDG FOR PHASE TO PHASE FAULTS.
DUPLICATED DIFFERENTIAL PROT GIVEN USED FOR GCB
SCHEME
TWO TYPES: HIGH IMPEDANCE TYPE/BIASED TYPE.
STABLE FOR THROUGH FAULTS.
HIGH IMP TYPE RELAY contd

CT PARAMETERS
Vk = 2 If (Rct+2Rl)
Vk Min. Knee point voltage of the CT
If - Maximum fault current in the system
(converted to sec side)
Rct- Secondary resistance of the CT
Rl lead resistance of the sec connection
(typ 8.73 ohms per km for 2.5 sq mm cu cable)

Typical setting 5- 7.5% of rated current.

HIGH IMPEDANCE TYPE DIFF RELAY
USE TWO SETS OF IDENTICAL DEDICATED CTs
PS CLASS CTs WITH STRINGENT PARAMETERS TO BE USED
TWO CTs PARALLED OUT SIDE THE RELAY AND SINGLE INPUT TO THE RELAY
VERY SENSITIVE
THROUGH FAULT STABILITY ACHIEVED BY USING STABILISING RESISTORS IN THE
RELAY CIRCUILT.

CT CONNECTION
BIASED TYPE DIFF RELAY
CTS CAN BE SHARED WITH OTHER PROTECTIONS
PS CLASS CTs REQUIRED.
LESS STRINGENT CT PARAMETERS.
INDIVIDUAL CT INPUTS GIVEN TO THE INDIVIDUAL BIAS COILS.
THROUGH FAULT STABILITY ACHIVED THROUGH BIASING.
CT MISMATCH (TYP OF THE PRDER OF 1:5 ) CAN BE ACCOMODATED.
MORE SUITABLE FOR NUMERICAL INTEGRATED PROTECTION SYSTEMS
AS THE CTs CAN BE SHARED FOR MANY FUNCTIONS.

CT CONNECTION
Biased Differential protection
Modern numerical relays have flexible settings for
Id, b (point of slope change) and the slopes.

Typ bias setting: 10% of rated current.

EFFECT OF STATOR E/F
 STATOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION

E/F CURRENT IS LIMITTED TO 10A

THIS MINIMIZES THE DAMAGE
FIRST FAULT LESS CRITICAL
NEEDS CLEARANCE AS
IT MAY DEVELOP INTO A PH TO PH FAULT
SECOND FAULT WILL RESULT IN VERY
HIGH CURRENT
TWO TYPES:
100 % E/F
95 % E/F
 95 % SEF

RESULTS IN VOLTAGE SHIFT OF GEN NEUTRAL

W.R.T GROUND

DETECTED BY VOLTAGE RELAY CONNECTED

ACROSS GROUNDING RESISTOR OR FROM
THE GENERATOR TERMINAL THROUGH OPEN
DELTA VT

PROTECT APPROX 95% OF STATOR WDG

TYP SETTING:
For IDMT type relays
Minimum tap
TIME DELAY OF MORE THAN 1 SEC
(GEN IDMT RELAY WITH PMS 5.4 AND TMS 1 USED)
For Def time delay type: 5%of 110 V ie, 5.5 V at 1 sec
100 % Stator E/F Protection
THIRD HARMONIC PRINCIPLE

A RELAY WHICH RESPONDS TO THE REDUCTION OF

THE 3RD HARMONIC COMPONENT
A STATOR PHASE-TO-GROUND FAULT OCCURS AT OR
NEAR THE GENERATOR NEUTRAL, THERE WILL BE AN
INCREASE IN THIRD HARMONIC VOLTAGE AT THE
GENERATOR TERMINALS, WHICH WILL CAUSE RELAY
OPERATION.

DISADVANTAGES

DUE TO DESIGN VARIATIONS, CERTAIN GENERATING

UNITS MAY NOT PRODUCE SUFFICIENT THIRD
HARMONIC VOLTAGES

THIS METHOD DOES NOT PROTECT THE M/C DURING

STAND STILL CONDITIONS.
100% SEF BASED ON THIRD HARMONICS
MEASUREMENTS
100% SEF PROT (3RD HARMONICS PRINCIPLE)
100% SEF PROT (3RD HARMONICS PRINCIPLE)
 100% STATOR EARTH FAULT PROT
(LOW FREQ.INJECTION PRINCIPLE)
 100 % stator E/F protection

SETTINGS TYP FOR 500 MW UNIT

Trip : 10 Ohm / 1 sec

Alarm : 20-30 ohm /10 sec

SETTINGS ARE TO BE FINALISED

DURING COMMISSIONING TEST IN
LINE WITH INSTRUCTIONS OF RELAY
CATALOGUE.
 ROTOR EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
FIRST ROTOR E/F DOES NOT CAUSE IMMEDIATE
DAMAGE
SECOND E/F RESULTS IN A WDG SC OF ROTOR
CAUSE MAGNETIC UNBALANCE/MECH FORCES
/DAMAGE
METHODS OF DETECTION
POTENTIOMETER METHOD
A CENTRE TAPED RESISTOR IS CONNECTED ACROSS
THE MAIN FIELD WINDING
THE CENTRE TAP IS CONNECTED TO EARTH
THROUGH A VOLTAGE RELAY
AN EARTH FAULT ON THE FIELD WINDING WILL
PRODUCE VOLTAGE IN THE RELAY, MAXIMUM
VOLTAGE OCCURRING FOR END FAULTS
A BLIND SPOT EXISTS AT THE TAPPING POINT, TO
AVOID THIS , THE TAPPING POINT IS VARIED WITH A
PUSH BUTTON OR SWITCH , AND IS TESTED
PERIODICALLY TO DETECT BLIND ZONE
SETTING IS 5% OF FIELD VOLTAGE
 ROTOR E/F PROT (contd)
LOW FREQUENCY INJECTION METHOD
MODERN ROTOR EARTH FAULT PROT ECTION
RELAY OPERATES ON THE PRINCIPLE OF LOW
FREQUENCY INJECTION INTO THE FIELD
WINDING VIA CAPACITORS.
CORRESPONDING CURRENT OR RESISTANCE
DURING E/F IS SENSED
TYP SETTING (500 MW)
ALARM 40 K OHM TIME = 10 SEC
TRIP 5 K OHM TIME = 1 SEC
ACTUAL VALUES OF SETTING SHALL BE DECIDED AT SITE
DURING COMMISSIONING TO ACCERTAIN THE HEALTHY
VALUE OF THE PARTICULAR M/C.
SEF/REF USING INJECTION PRINCIPLE
TYPICAL CONNECTION
TYPICAL CONNECTION DIAGRAM OF
SEF/RF USING INJECTION PRINCIPLE

relay accessory

FIELD
NGT
COMPARISION BETWEEN E/F PROTECTIONS
 INTER TURN PROTECTION
CURRENT BASED SYSTEM
FOR GENERATORS WITH SPLIT NEUTRALS WITH ALL SIX
TERMINALS BROUGHT OUT ON NEUTRAL SIDE
DELAYED LOW-SET O/C RELAY WHICH SENSES THE CURRENT
IN THE CONNECTION BETWEEN THE NEUTRALS OF THE STATOR
WINDINGS

VOLTAGE BASED SYSTEM

RELAY COMPARES THE NEUTRAL NGT SEC VOLTAGE AND GEN
TERMINAL OPEN DELTA VOLTAGE
BALANCE DURING E/F OR NORMAL CONDITION
DURING INTER TURN FAULT OPEN DELTA VOLTAGE WILL BE
DEVELOPED AND NGT SEC VOLTAGE WILL BE ZERO,RESULTING
IN A DIFFERENTIAL VOLTAGE WHICH MAKES THE RELAY
OPERATE

IDMT RELAYS WITH 5.4 PMS AND 1 TMS ARE ADOPTED.

DEF TIME TYPE RELAYS: MINIMUM SETTING WITH I Sec
DELAY.
O/V PROTECTION
.
TYP SETTINGS OF A 3 STAGE O/V RELAY IS AS FOLLOWS
ALARM 110 % 2 SEC
TRIP 120 % 1 SEC
140 % INSTANTANEOUS

U/F O/F PROTECTION

TYPICAL SETTING:
U/F O/F
ALARM - 47.8HZ 1 SEC 51 Hz 1 SEC
TRIP - 47.4 HZ 2 SEC 51.5Hz 2.5 SEC
SETTING NEED TO BE CO-ORDINATED WITH THE
RESPECTIVE GRID AGENCY AND THE ISLANDING
SCHEME SETTINGS AND THE M/C CAPABILITY.
NEGATIVE SEQUENCE PROTECTION
Negative sequence protection
NEGATIVE SEQUENCE PROTECTION FOR GENERATOR PROTECTS
THE GENERATOR FROM EXCESSIVE HEATING IN THE ROTOR
RESULTING FROM UNBALANCED STATOR CURRENTS
CAUSED DUE TO
ONE POLE OPEN IN LINE
ONE POLE OPEN OF A CIRCUIT BREAKER
CLOSE IN UNCLEARED UNBALANCED FAULTS

THE NEGETIVE SEQUENCE PROTECTION RELAYS SHALL BE SET TO

THE NPS CAPABILITY OF THE MACHINE WHICH IS
K = I22X T

TYP FOR 500 MW

PERMISSIVE NEG SEQ CURRENT = 5 8 % OF STATOR CURRENT
PERMISSIVE I22X T = 5 10

SETTINGS ADOPTED FOR NTPC

I2 = = 7.5 %
I22XT = 8.3
NEGATIVE SEQUENCE PROTECTION
Negative sequence protection
TYPICAL NPS CAPABILITY
TYPICAL NPS SETTINGS
Loss of field protection
 Loss of field protection
ACTS AS AN INDUCTION GENERATOR
INDUCED EDDY CURRENTS IN THE FIELD WINDING,
ROTOR BODY, WEDGES AND RETAINING RINGS
MW FLOW IN TO THE SYSTEM/ MVAR FLOWS IN TO THE
MACHINE.
THE APPARENT IMP TRAVELS TO THE FORTH
QUADRANT OF X-Y PLANE

METHOD OF DETECTION:

MINIMUM IMPEDANCE WITH U/V

SOME RELAYS ARE SET IN THE ADMITTANCE PLANE

MATCHING WITH THE CAPABILITY CURVE OF THE
MACHINE
 TRIP CHARACTERISTICS OF
LOSS OF FIELD PROTECTION
LOSS OF FIELD
LOSS OF EXCITATION CHARACTERISTICS FOR VARIOUS
TYPE OF MACHINES.

BIG M/C WITH SMALL

GOOD AVR MACHINES
POWER CHART

RELAY LINE
OUT OF STEP PROTECTION
MACHINE RUNS OUT OF SYNCHRONISM WITH THE NETWORK
CYCLIC VARIATION OF ROTOR ANGLE
CURRENT INCREASES HEAVILY
FREQUENCY DEPEND ON THE RATE OF SLIP
RESULT IN THE WINDING STRESS
IT MAY ALSO DAMAGE THE AUXILIARIES OF THE AFFECTED
UNIT
DETECTED BY SENSING THE VARIATIONS IN IMP
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE RECOVERABLE SWING AND THE
IRRECOVERABLE SWING
BLINDERS + A SUPERVISORY MHO ELEMENT,TRIP WHEN
IMP IS INSIDE THE MHO AND CROSE THE BLINDERS WITH
THE SPECIFIED TIME.
MINIMUM IMPEDANCE(MULTIPLE ZONE) + COUNTING NO OF
SWINGS
 TYPICAL POLE SLIPPING RELAY
CHARACTERISTICS

TYP SETTING:
:
MHO RELAY SETTING
FORWARD: ZT+Z SYS,
REVERSE : GEN XD
OVER CURRENT SETTING
TYP 115%
DISTANCE BETWEEN THE
BLINDERS = HALF OF
VECTOR SUM OF
ZG,ZT,ZSYS
(APPROXIMATELY)
TIME TYP 50-55 MSEC
TYPICAL OUT OF STEP/POWER SWING LOCUS
ACCIDENTAL BACK ENERGISATION

CAUSE:

FLASH OVER OF THE GENERATOR BREAKER

INCORRECT CLOSING OF THE GENERATOR BREAKER

EFFECTS

CAUSE OPERATION AS AN INDUCTION MOTOR

DAMAGEMACHINE AND TURBINE
THE RAPID HEATING IRON PATHS NEAR THE ROTOR SURFACE DUE TO STATOR
INDUCED CURRENT.

DETECTED BY

OVER CURRENT + CB AUXILIARY CONTACTS

CHECKS FOR THE CURRENT WHEN THE GEN BREAKER CONTACTS ARE OPEN
SET BELOW THE RATED CURRENT(90%)

O/C AND U/V MEASUREMENTS

O/C 1.2 TIMES
U/V 70%
ACCIDENTAL BACK ENERGISATION
USING CB AUX CONTACTS & O/C
 Backup impedance protection

FOR UNCLEARED SYSTEM FAULT

THE BACKUP PROTECTION IS TIME DELAYED

TO COORDINATE WITH THE ZONE 3 SETTING
OF LINES
DETECTED BY
OVER CURRENT
DISTANCE
DISTANCE PREFFERED AS THE LINE IS PROVIDED
WITH DISTANCE RELAYS
SETTING SHOULD BE MADE TO COVER THE GT
IMP AND THE LONGEST LINE IMP
SETTING SHOULD TAKE CARE OF THE INFEED
FROM OTHER GENERATORS CONNECTED TO
THE SAME BUS ALSO
TIME SETTING 1.5 2 SEC
REVERSE /LOW FORWARD
POWER INTERLOCK
LOW FORWARD AND REVERSE POWER
INTER LOCK
To allow entrapped steam in the turbine to be
utilized to avoid damage of the turbine blade.
To protect the machine from motoring action
Trip under class B after a short time delay in
case the turbine is already tripped ( typ set at 2
sec)
Trip under class A, after a long time delay if
turbine is not tripped (typically set at 10 sec)
Power setting typ 0.5 % of rated power
Rev power/ LFPR INTERLOCK
GEN TRFR PROTECTION
DIFFERENTIAL
BIASED DIFFERENTIAL
10 % BIAS SETTING (TO COVER TAP RANGE AND
CT MISMATCH IF ANY)
TIME: INSTANTANEOUS

BACK UP EARTH FAULT

DEF TIME OR IDMT RELAY
20 % WITH 2 SEC TIME DELAY
TO BE COORDINATED WITH DISTANCE PROT ZONE 3
 UT PROTECTION
DIFFERENTIAL
BIASED DIFF USED
BIASED SETTING 10%

BACK UP OVER CURRENT

2-3 TIMES THE FULL LOAD CURRENT
DELAY 0.9 SEC
TAKE CARE OF ANY LARGE MOTOR STARTING CASE
RESTRICTED E/F
HIGH IMP DIFF
SET TO 5%-7% IN HIGH IMP EARTHING
 COMMONLY USED GEN/GEN TRFR RELAYS
PROTEC ALSTOM ABB SIEMENS REMARK
TION
HIGH IMP CAG 34 RADHA In case of duplicated
DIFF MICOM P343 REG 216 7UM SERIES diff, one low imp & one
high imp preferred
BIASED MBCH RADSB 7 UT
DIFF For trfr biased relay
MICOM RET 316
preferred
P 633
POWER RXPE PPX 7 UM SERIES Directional power relays
RELAYS
LOSS OF YCGF RAGPC(DI 7UM Impedance /
R SERIES
FIELD admittance
O/C+U/V)

100% E/F PVMM GIX 7UE22 Low frequency

MICOM P343 REG 216 7UM injection type
PG871 SERIES preferred over 3 rd
harmonic principle
95% E/F VDG 7UM SERIES Open delta of gen sec
VT
BACK UP YCG15 RAKZB 7UM 516 Minimum impedance
IMP MICOM SERIES REG
PROTEC ALSTOM ABB SIEMENS Remarks
TION
OVER GTTM RATUB 7RW IDMT
FLUXING RALK
POLE ZTO+YTG RXZF+RXPE 7UM 516 IMPEDANCE
SLIPPING M15 IMP+ DIR O/C
IMP+NO OF POWER
SWINGS
ACC. CTIG RAGUA 7UM SERIES O/C +CB AUX
BACK CONTACT
ENERG CURRENT
ELEMENT+U/V
INTER VDG REG 7UM SERIES comp of open delta 0n
TURN MICOM gen term+ngt sec
voltage
NEG PH CTN RARIB 7UM SERIES MEASUREMENT OF
SEQ I2
REF CAG/FAG RADHD 7UM SERIES HIGH IMP
PREFFERED
ROTOR VDG REG SERIES 7UR 22
E/F MICOM 7 UM
SERIES SERIES
Type of fault Protection Channel Recommenda
tion
Short circuit 87 G1 1
87G2 2
87 GT 1&2
Stator Earth Fault 64G1 1
64G2 2
Inter turn 95G 1 &2
unbalance 46G 1&2
Over load 51G Alarm
Loss of excitation 40G1 1
40G2 2
Out of step 98G 1&2 >100 MW

Motoring 32 G1/2 / 37 G1/G2 1/2

O/V,O/F 59/99 1 /2
U/F 81G1/81G1 1/2
System back up 21G 1&2
Accidental energisation 50GDM 1 &2
Rotor E/F 64F 1 &2
Generator transformer/unit transformer protections

Fault Device no channel Recomm

endation
Short ckt 87T 1
(GT) 87 HV 2
51 GT 2
Earth 51 NGT 1
Fault(GT) 64GT(3 Ph GT) 1
64T 1/2
Short 87 UT 1/2
circuit(UT) 51UT 1/2
Earth Fault 51 NUT 1
UT 64 UT 2
Numerical integrated generator protection systems

Many functions in the same relay

Takes multiple CT/VT inputs.
Minimum of 2 nos to be used.
All the prot functions are to be divided in to 2 groups .
Built in DR(fast scan)/SOE functions
Self supervision
Communicable
Has programmable logic gates which simplifies the auxiliary
circuits.
COMMON RELAYS ARE
REG series OF ABB 7UM SERIES OF SIEMENS
MICOM SERIES OF AREVA.
GENERATOR DISTURBANCE RECORDER
RECORD THE GRAPHIC FORM OF INST.VALUES OF POWER SYSTEM
QUANTITIES
FAST SCAN (1-5 KHz) AND SLOW SCAN (5/10 Hz) FEATURES
SUFFICIENT ANALOGUE/DIGITAL INPUTS.
TRIGGERING FROM DIGITAL INPUTS AND THRESHOLD/RATE OF CHANGE
OF ANALOGUE VALUES.
ADEQUATE MEMMORY
GOOD FREQUENCY RESPONSE
INDIVIDUAL ACQUISITION UNITS AND COMMOM EVALUATION UNIT FOR A
STATION
ISLANDING SCHEMES
 Islanding scheme

n DEPENDS ON TYPE OF GENERATING SYSTEM

n GRID CONNECTED GENERATING STATIONS

GENERATOR IS CONNECTED TO THE GRID THROUGH

EHV TRANSMISSION LINES.

CAPTIVE GENERATING STATION

DEDICATED GENERATOR(S) SUPPLIES POWER TO A

PARTICULAR UTILITY/ESTABLISHMENT.

NOT CONNECTED TO THE GRID.

TYPE OF ISLANDING
SCHEMES.
FOR GRID CONNECTED GENERATORS

CRITERIA:
UNDER FREQUENCY / RATE OF CHANGE OF
FREQUENCY

ACTION:
STAGGERED TRIPPING OF GRID LINES AT
PREDTERMINED LOGIC AT THE PRE DECIDED
SEQUENCE.
ISLANDING SCHEME FOR GRID
CONNECTED GENERATORS.
KEY FEATURES
INTEGRATED SCHEME FOR THE WHOLE
PLANT
FREQUENCY BASED
TRIGGERING BASED ON THRESHOLD AND
RATE OF CHANGE OF FREQUENCY
U/F RELAYS CONNECTED TO BUS CVT
BASED ON 2 OUT OF 3 LOGIC
INDIVIDUAL TRIP RELAYS FOR EACH FEEDER
STAGGERED TRIPPING SCHEME TO BE
ENGINERED IN COORDINATION WITH
RESPECTIVE GRID AGENCY DEPENDING ON
THE SYSTEM CONDITIONS AND THE POWER
NUMBER OF THE CONNECTED GRID.
CVT SUPPLY FOR U/F
RELAYS
CONNECTED TO THE SELECTED
BUS CVT SUPPLY

OR

DISTRIBUTED AMONG THE 2 BUS CVTS

{2 ON ONE BUS CVT (ON 2 CORES) & 1 ON OTHER BUS CVT}
ISLANDING FOR CAPTIVE
GENERATING PLANTS.
FEATURES
BASED ON LOAD GENERATION BALANCE.
SCADA BASED DYNAMIC LOGIC
ADAPTIVE TO SYSTEM CHANGES
PRIORITY GROUPS ARE SET FOR ISLANDING
TRIPPING SEQUENCE IS DECIDED BY THE SOFTWARE
BASED ON THE PRIORITY AND THE DYNAMIC LOAD
GENERATION BALANCE.