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Communication Systems: Digital

Digital and analog communication systems both contain input and output transducers, transmitters, transmission channels, and receivers. Modulation involves shifting the frequencies of a baseband signal to allow transmission. In analog modulation, a carrier wave is modulated by varying its amplitude (AM) or frequency (FM) in proportion to the baseband signal. Demodulation extracts the original baseband signal. AM is simple but inefficient while FM has higher quality and noise immunity.

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Lilet P. Dalisay
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
54 views

Communication Systems: Digital

Digital and analog communication systems both contain input and output transducers, transmitters, transmission channels, and receivers. Modulation involves shifting the frequencies of a baseband signal to allow transmission. In analog modulation, a carrier wave is modulated by varying its amplitude (AM) or frequency (FM) in proportion to the baseband signal. Demodulation extracts the original baseband signal. AM is simple but inefficient while FM has higher quality and noise immunity.

Uploaded by

Lilet P. Dalisay
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Communication systems

Digital

Analog

 The block diagram on the top shows the blocks common to all
communication systems
Remember the components of a communications
system:
 Input transducer: The device that converts a physical signal
from source to an electrical, mechanical or electromagnetic
signal more suitable for communicating
 Transmitter: The device that sends the transduced signal
 Transmission channel: The physical medium on which the
signal is carried
 Receiver: The device that recovers the transmitted signal from
the channel
 Output transducer: The device that converts the received signal
back into a useful quantity
Analog Modulation
 The purpose of a communication system is to transmit information signals
(baseband signals) through a communication channel
 The term baseband is used to designate the band of frequencies
representing the original signal as delivered by the input transducer
 For example, the voice signal from a microphone is a baseband signal,
and contains frequencies in the range of 0-3000 Hz
 The “hello” wave is a baseband signal:
 Since this baseband signal must be transmitted through a communication channel
such as air using electromagnetic waves, an appropriate procedure is needed to
shift the range of baseband frequencies to other frequency ranges suitable for
transmission, and a corresponding shift back to the original frequency range after
reception. This is called the process of modulation and demodulation
 Remember the radio spectrum:

 For example, an AM radio system transmits electromagnetic waves with


AM radio
frequencies of around FM radio/TV
a few hundred kHz (MF band)
 The FM radio system must operate with frequencies in the range of 88-108 MHz
(VHF band)
 Since the baseband signal contains frequencies in the audio frequency range (3
kHz), some form of frequency-band shifting must be employed for the radio
system to operate satisfactorily
 This process is accomplished by a device called a modulator
 The transmitter block in any communications system contains the modulator
device
 The receiver block in any communications system contains the demodulator
device
 The modulator modulates a carrier wave (the electromagnetic wave) which has
a frequency that is selected from an appropriate band in the radio spectrum
 For example, the frequency of a carrier wave for FM can be chosen from
the VHF band of the radio spectrum
 For AM, the frequency of the carrier wave may be chosen to be around a
few hundred kHz (from the MF band of the radio spectrum)
 The demodulator extracts the original baseband signal from the received
modulated signal
To Summarize:
 Modulation is the process of impressing a low-frequency information signal
(baseband signal )onto a higher frequency carrier signal
 Modulation is done to bring information signals up to the Radio Frequency (or
higher) signal
Basic analog communications system
Baseband signal
EM waves (modulated
(electrical signal) Transmitter signal)

Input Transmission
transducer Modulator
Channel

EM waves (modulated
Carrier signal)
Baseband signal
(electrical signal) Receiver

Output
Demodulator
transducer
Types of Analog Modulation
 Amplitude Modulation (AM)
 Amplitude modulation is the process of varying the amplitude

of a carrier wave in proportion to the amplitude of a


baseband signal. The frequency of the carrier remains constant
 Frequency Modulation (FM)
 Frequency modulation is the process of varying the frequency

of a carrier wave in proportion to the amplitude of a


baseband signal. The amplitude of the carrier remains constant
 Phase Modulation (PM)
 Another form of analog modulation technique which we will not

discuss
Amplitude Modulation

Carrier wave

Baseband signal

Modulated wave

Amplitude varying-
frequency constant
Frequency Modulation

Carrier wave

Small amplitude: Large amplitude:


Baseband signal high frequency
low frequency

Modulated wave
Frequency varying-
amplitude constant
AM vs. FM
 AM requires a simple circuit, and is very easy to generate.
 It is simple to tune, and is used in almost all short wave broadcasting.
 The area of coverage of AM is greater than FM (longer wavelengths
(lower frequencies) are utilized-remember property of HF waves?)
 However, it is quite inefficient, and is susceptible to static and other
forms of electrical noise.

 The main advantage of FM is its audio quality and immunity to noise.


Most forms of static and electrical noise are naturally AM, and an FM
receiver will not respond to AM signals.
 The audio quality of a FM signal increases as the frequency deviation
increases (deviation from the center frequency), which is why FM
broadcast stations use such large deviation.
 The main disadvantage of FM is the larger bandwidth it requires

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