Structural Types of Nanomaterials

Structural types of nanomaterials
and their aggregation states

Outline:
1. Classification of Nanomaterials
a) Dimensions of nanomaterials
b) Quantum effects of dimentions
c) Applications of this nanomaterials
2. Aggregation states of Nanomaterials
2
Introduction
The concept nanomaterials is thought to be most accurately defined as
follows: Nanomaterials represent nanoindustry products in the form of
materials containing structural nanoelements that substantially improve
or cause qualitatively new mechanical, chemical, physical, biological,
and other properties. As follows from this definition, nanomaterials
should not be necessarily nanocrystalline (consisting mainly of
crystallites having a nanoscale size in at least one dimension). The
structural nanoelements that radically change material properties can be
represented by fragments, pores, clusters, atom segregations, dislocation
ensembles, phase transformation products, dendrites, quasicrystals, and
so on.
Examples of Nanomaterials
Nanomaterials (gold, carbon, metals, meta oxides and alloys)

with variety of morphologies (shapes)
Classification of Nanomaterials
Nanomaterials have extremely small size which having at least one

dimension 100 nm or less. Nanomaterials can be nanoscale in one
dimension (eg. surface films), two dimensions (eg. strands or
fibres), or three dimensions (eg. particles). They can exist in single,
fused, aggregated or agglomerated forms with spherical, tubular,
and irregular shapes. Common types of nanomaterials include
nanotubes, dendrimers, quantum dots and fullerenes.
Nanomaterials have applications in the field of nano technology,
and displays different physical chemical characteristics from
normal chemicals (i.e., silver nano, carbon nanotube, fullerene,
photocatalyst, carbon nano, silica).
According to Richard W. Siegel, Nanostructured materials are
classified as:
a) zero dimensional;
b) one dimensional;
c) two dimensional;
d) three dimensional nanostructures.
Zero-dimensional nanomaterials
Materials where in all the dimensions are measured within the
nanoscale (no dimensions, or 0-D, are larger than 100 nm).
The most common representation of zero-dimensional nanomaterials
are nanoparticles.
Nanoparticles can:
Be amorphous or crystalline
Be single crystalline or polycrystalline
Be composed of single or multi-chemical elements
Exhibit various shapes and forms
Exist individually or incorporated in a matrix
Be metallic, ceramic, or polymeric
One-dimensional nanomaterials
One dimension that is outside the nanoscale.
This leads to needle like-shaped nanomaterials.
1-D materials include nanotubes, nanorods, and nanowires.
1-D nanomaterials can be:
Amorphous or crystalline
Single crystalline or polycrystalline
Chemically pure or impure
Standalone materials or embedded in within another medium
Metallic, ceramic, or polymeric
1-D Electronic Structures: Carbon Nanotubes

Wrapping vector: n n1a1 n2a2
Diameter: d n12 n22 n1n2 0.0783nm
The folding of the sheet controls the electronic properties of the

nanotubes.
Two-dimensional nanomaterials
Two of the dimensions are not confined to the nanoscale.
2-D nanomaterials exhibit plate-like shapes.
Two-dimensional nanomaterials include nanofilms, nanolayers, and
nanocoatings.
2-D nanomaterials can be:
Amorphous or crystalline
Made up of various chemical compositions
Used as a single layer or as multilayer structures
Deposited on a substrate
Integrated in a surrounding matrix material
Metallic, ceramic, or polymeric
Three-dimensional nanomaterials
Bulk nanomaterials are materials that are not confined to the nanoscale
in any dimension. These materials are thus characterized by having
three arbitrarily dimensions above 100 nm.
Materials possess a nanocrystalline structure or involve the presence of
features at the nanoscale.
In terms of nanocrystalline structure, bulk nanomaterials can be
composed of a multiple arrangement of nanosize crystals,most typically
in different orientations.
With respect to the presence of features at the nanoscale, 3-D
nanomaterials can contain dispersions of nanoparticles, bundles of
nanowires, and nanotubes as well as multinanolayers.
Three-dimensional space showing the relationships
among 0-D, 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D nanomaterials
The properties of materials can be different at the Nanoscale for
two main reasons:
First, Nanomaterials have a relatively larger surface area when
compared to the same mass of material produced in a larger form.
Nano particles can make materials more chemically reactive and

affect their strength or electrical properties.
Second, quantum effects can begin to dominate the behaviour of

matter at the Nanoscale
Quantum well
It is a two dimensional system
The electron can move in two directions and restricted in one
direction.
Quantum Wire
It is a one-dimensional system
The electron can move in one direction and restricted in two
directions.
Quantum dot
It is a zero dimensional system
The electron movement was restricted in entire three
dimensions
Why called Quantum ?
Because, the electronic property is quantized

The spatial distance is very very small
Semiconductor substrate
growth (single
layer)
Quantum wire
Quantum wires are ultra fine wires or linear arrays of Nano
dots, formed by self-assembly
They can be made from a wide range of materials such as
Semiconductor Nanowires made of silicon, gallium nitride and
indium phosphide.
Nanowires have potential applications in
1. In high-density data storage, either as magnetic read heads or as
patterned storage media
2. In electronic and opto-electronic Nanodevices, for metallic
interconnects of quantum devices and Nanodevices.
Nanowires can be prepared by growth techniques such as

1. Chemical Vapour deposition (CVD)
2. Electroplating
General properties of Nanowire
Diameter 10s of nanometers
Single crystal formation -- common crystallographic
orientation along the nanowire axis
Minimal defects within wire
Minimal irregularities within nanowire arrays
Some example of Nanowire

In quantum dot all the three dimensions are reduced to zero
Quantum dot
Applications of Nanomaterials in Medicine
Because of their small size, nanoscale devices can readily interact

with biomolecules on both the surface of cells and inside of cells.
By gaining access to so many areas of the body, they have the
potential to detect disease and the deliver treatment.
Nanoparticles can can deliver drugs directly to diseased cells in

your body.
Nanomedicine is the medical use of molecular- sized particles to
deliver drugs, heat, light or other substances to specific cells in the
human body.
Quantum dot- that identify the location of cancer cells in
the body.
Nano Particles - that deliver chemotherapy drugs directly
to cancer cells to minimize damage to healthy cells.
Nanoshells - that concentrate the heat from infrared light
to destroy cancer cells with minimal damage to
surrounding healthy cells.
Nanotubes - used in broken bones to provide a structure
for new bone material to grow.
Nanowires used as medical sensor
In this diagram (next page), Nano sized sensing wires are laid
down across a micro fluidic channel. As particles flow through the
micro fluidic channel, the Nanowire sensors pick up the molecular
identifications of these particles and can immediately relay this
information through a connection of electrodes to the outside
world.
These Nanodevices are man-made constructs made with carbon,
silicon Nanowire.
They can detect the presence of altered genes associated with
cancer and may help researchers pinpoint the exact location of
those changes
Physical properties of nanoparticles
Nanoparticles often have unique physical and chemical properties.
For example, the electronic, optical, and chemical properties of
nanoparticles may be very different from those of each component
in the bulk. At the nanoscale, materials behave very differently
compared to larger scales and it is still very difficult to predict the
physical and chemical properties of particles of such a very small
size.
The principal parameters of nanoparticles are their shape, size,
surface characteristics and inner structure. Nanoparticles can be
encountered as aerosols (solids or liquids in air), suspensions
(solids in liquids) or as emulsions (liquids in liquids). In the
presence of certain chemicals, properties of nanoparticles may be
modified.
Aerosol
An aerosol is a collection of microscopic particles, solid or liquid, suspended in a
gas.
In the context of air pollution, an aerosol refers to fine particulate matter, that is
larger than a molecule, but small enough to remain suspended in
the atmosphere for at least several hours.
The term aerosol is also commonly used for a pressurized container (aerosol can)
which is designed to release a fine spray of a material such as paint. It has also
come to be associated, erroneously, with the gas (propellant) used to expel
materials from an aerosol can.
Natural sources of aerosols include salt particles from sea spray, dust and clay
particles from the weathering of rocks. Aerosols can also originate as a result of
human activities and are often considered pollutants.
Aerosols play an important role in the atmosphere namely in the condensation of
water droplets and ice crystals, various chemical cycles, and the absorption of solar
radiation.
Photomicrograph made with a Scanning Electron Microscope
(SEM): Fly ash particles at 2,000x magnification. Most of the
particles in this aerosol are nearly spherical.
Emulsion
Any stable mixture of two liquids that naturally do not mix together
or dissolve in each other (such as oil and water), where one liquid
(in the form of fine droplets or globules) is dispersed in the other.
Suspensions
(a) An ethanolic suspension of rhodamine B doped silica core NPs (left)

and an aqueous suspension of the dextran-coated NPs (right).
(b) TEM of the silica core NPs, (c) the amino-modified silica NPs and
(d) the dextran-coated NPs. The scale bar is 50 nm.
Suspensions of nanoparticles are possible since the interaction of
the particle surface with the solvent is strong enough to
overcome density differences, which otherwise usually result in a
material either sinking or floating in a liquid.
Plasma nanoparticles
Nanoparticles are formed upon cooling while exiting the plasma
region. The main types of the thermal plasma torches used to
produce nanoparticles are dc plasma jet, dc arc plasma, and radio
frequency (RF) induction plasmas. In the arc plasma reactors, the
energy necessary for evaporation and reaction is provided by an
electric arc formed between the anode and the cathode.
Atmospheric plasma jet

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What are some examples of nanomaterials mentioned?

How can nanomaterials be classified based on their dimensions?

Structural types of nanomaterials

and their aggregation states

2. Aggregation states of Nanomaterials

Nanomaterials (gold, carbon, metals, meta oxides and alloys)

Nanomaterials have extremely small size which having at least one

Diameter: d n12 n22 n1n2 0.0783nm

The folding of the sheet controls the electronic properties of the

Nano particles can make materials more chemically reactive and

Second, quantum effects can begin to dominate the behaviour of

Because, the electronic property is quantized

Nanowires can be prepared by growth techniques such as

Some example of Nanowire

Because of their small size, nanoscale devices can readily interact

Nanoparticles can can deliver drugs directly to diseased cells in

(a) An ethanolic suspension of rhodamine B doped silica core NPs (left)

Atmospheric plasma jet

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