1

Chapter 3 - Introduction to Java

Applets
Outline
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Sample Applets from the Java 2 Software Development Kit
3.3 Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String
3.4 Drawing Strings and Lines
3.5 Adding Floating-Point Numbers
3.6 Java Applet Internet and World Wide Web Resources
3.7 (Optional Case Study) Thinking About Objects: Identifying
the Classes in a Problem Statement

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3.1 Introduction

• Applet
– Program that runs in
• appletviewer (test utility for applets)
• Web browser (IE, Communicator)
– Executes when HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
document containing applet is opened and downloaded
– Applications run in command windows
• Notes
– Mimic several features of Chapter 2 to reinforce them
– Focus on fundamental programming concepts first
• Explanations will come later

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3.2 Sample Applets from the Java 2 Software
Development Kit
• Sample Applets
– Provided in Java 2 Software Development Kit (J2SDK)
– Source code included (.java files)
• Study and mimic source code to learn new features
• All programmers begin by mimicking existing programs
– Located in demo directory of J2SDK install
– Can download demos and J2SDK from
java.sun.com/j2se/1.4.1/

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 4
3.2 Sample Applets from the Java 2 Software
Development Kit
• Running applets
– In command prompt, change to demo subdirectory of applet
cd c:\j2sdk1.4.1\demo\applets
cd appletDirectoryName
– There will be an HTML file used to execute applet
– Type appletviewer example1.html
• appletviewer loads the html file specified as its
command-line argument
• From the HTML file, determines which applet to load (more
section 3.3)
– Applet will run, Reload and Quit commands under Applet
menu

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 5
3.2Sample Applets from the Java 2 Software
Development Kit
• You start as player "X"

Fig. 3.2 Sample execution of applet TicTacToe.

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 6
3.2 Sample Applets from the Java 2 Software
Development Kit
Fig. 3.4 Sample execution of applet DrawTest.

Drag the mouse pointer

in the white area to draw.

Select the shape to draw

Select the by clicking the down
drawing color by clicking arrow, then clicking
the circle for the color Lines or Points. This
you want. These GUI GUI component is
components are commonly known as a
commonly known as combo box, choice or
radio buttons. drop-down list.

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 7
3.2 Sample Applets from the Java 2 Software
Development Kit
• Demonstrates 2D drawing capabilities built into Java2
Click a tab to Try changing
select a the options to
two- see their effect
dimensional on the
graphics demonstration.
demo.

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 8

3.3 Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String

• Now, create applets of our own

– Take a while before we can write applets like in the demos
– Cover many of same techniques
• Upcoming program
– Create an applet to display
"Welcome to Java Programming!"
– Show applet and HTML file, then discuss them line by line

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 9
1 // Fig. 3.6: WelcomeApplet.java import allows us to use Outline
2 // A first applet in Java. predefined classes (allowing
3
4 // Java packages us to use applets and
Java applet
5 import java.awt.Graphics; // graphics,
import in this case).
class Graphics
6 import javax.swing.JApplet; // import class JApplet
7
8 public class WelcomeApplet extends JApplet {
9
10 // draw text on applet’s background
extends allows us to inherit the
11 public void paint( Graphics g ) capabilitiesof class JApplet.
12 {
13 // call superclass version of method paint
14 super.paint( g );
15
16 // draw a String at x-coordinate 25 and y-coordinate 25
17 g.drawString( "Welcome to Java Programming!", 25, 25 );
18 Method paint is guaranteed to
19 } // end method paint be called in all applets. Its first
20
21 } // end class WelcomeApplet line must be defined as above.

Program Output

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 10

3.3 Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String

1 // Fig. 3.6: WelcomeApplet.java
2 // A first applet in Java.

– Comments
• Name of source code and description of applet
5 import java.awt.Graphics; // import class Graphics
6 import javax.swing.JApplet; // import class JApplet

– Import predefined classes grouped into packages

• import declarations tell compiler where to locate classes
used
• When you create applets, import the JApplet class
(package javax.swing)
• import the Graphics class (package java.awt) to draw
graphics
– Can draw lines, rectangles ovals, strings of characters
• import specifies directory structure
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 11

3.3 Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String

– Applets have at least one class declaration (like applications)

• Rarely create classes from scratch
– Use pieces of existing classes
– Inheritance - create new classes from old ones (ch. 9)
8 public class WelcomeApplet extends JApplet {

– Begins class declaration for class WelcomeApplet

• Keyword class then class name
– extends followed by class name
• Indicates class to extend (JApplet)
– JApplet : superclass (base class)
– WelcomeApplet : subclass (derived class)
• WelcomeApplet now has methods and data of JApplet

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3.3 Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String

8 public class WelcomeApplet extends JApplet {

– Class JApplet defined for us

• Someone else defined "what it means to be an applet"
– Applets require over 200 methods!
• extends JApplet
– Inherit methods, do not have to declare them all
• Do not need to know every detail of class JApplet

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3.3 Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String

8 public class WelcomeApplet extends JApplet {

– Class WelcomeApplet is a blueprint

• appletviewer or browser creates an object of class
WelcomeApplet
– Keyword public required
– File can only have one public class
– public class name must be file name

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3.3 Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String

11 public void paint( Graphics g )

– Our class inherits method paint from JApplet

• By default, paint has empty body
• Override (redefine) paint in our class
– Methods paint, init, and start
• Guaranteed to be called automatically
• Our applet gets "free" version of these by inheriting from
JApplet
– Free versions have empty body (do nothing)
– Every applet does not need all three methods
• Override the ones you need
– Applet container “draws itself” by calling method paint

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3.3 Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String

11 public void paint( Graphics g )

– Method paint
• Lines 11-19 are the declaration of paint
• Draws graphics on screen
• void indicates paint returns nothing when finishes task
• Parenthesis define parameter list - where methods receive data
to perform tasks
– Normally, data passed by programmer, as in
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog
• paint gets parameters automatically
– Graphics object used by paint
• Mimic paint's first line

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3.3 Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String

14 super.paint( g );

– Calls version of method paint from superclass JApplet

– Should be first statement in every applet’s paint method
17 g.drawString( "Welcome to Java Programming!", 25, 25 );

– Body of paint
• Method drawString (of class Graphics)
• Called using Graphics object g and dot (.)
• Method name, then parenthesis with arguments
– First argument: String to draw
– Second: x coordinate (in pixels) location
– Third: y coordinate (in pixels) location
– Java coordinate system
• Measured in pixels (picture elements)
• Upper left is (0,0)

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3.3 Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String

• Running the applet

– Compile
• javac WelcomeApplet.java
• If no errors, bytecodes stored in WelcomeApplet.class
– Create an HTML file
• Loads the applet into appletviewer or a browser
• Ends in .htm or .html
– To execute an applet
• Create an HTML file indicating which applet the browser (or
appletviewer) should load and execute

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3.3 Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String

1 <html>
2 <applet code = "WelcomeApplet.class" width = "300" height = "45">
3 </applet>
4 </html>

– Simple HTML file (WelcomeApplet.html)

• Usually in same directory as .class file
• Remember, .class file created after compilation
– HTML codes (tags)
• Usually come in pairs
• Begin with < and end with >
– Lines 1 and 4 - begin and end the HTML tags
– Line 2 - begins <applet> tag
• Specifies code to use for applet
• Specifies width and height of display area in pixels
– Line 3 - ends <applet> tag
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 19

3.3 Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String

1 <html>
2 <applet code = "WelcomeApplet.class" width = "300" height = "45">
3 </applet>
4 </html>

– appletviewer only understands <applet> tags

• Ignores everything else
• Minimal browser
– Executing the applet
• appletviewer WelcomeApplet.html
• Perform in directory containing .class file

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3.3 Simple Java Applet: Drawing a String

• Running the applet in a Web browser

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 21

3.4 Drawing Strings and Lines

• More applets
– First example
• Display two lines of text
• Use drawString to simulate a new line with two
drawString statements
– Second example
• Method g.drawLine(x1, y1, x2, y2 )
– Draws a line from (x1, y1) to (x2, y2)
– Remember that (0, 0) is upper left
• Use drawLine to draw a line beneath and above a string

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 22
1 // Fig. 3.9: WelcomeApplet2.java Outline
2 // Displaying multiple strings in an applet.
3
4 // Java packages WelcomeApplet2.j
5 import java.awt.Graphics; // import class Graphics
6 import javax.swing.JApplet; // import class JApplet
ava
7
8 public class WelcomeApplet2 extends JApplet { 1. import
9
10 // draw text on applet’s background
2. Class
11 public void paint( Graphics g )
12 {
WelcomeApplet2
13 // call superclass version of method paint (extends JApplet)
14 super.paint( g );
15 3. paint
16 // draw two Strings at different locations
17 g.drawString( "Welcome to", 25, 25 );
18 g.drawString( "Java Programming!", 25, 40 );
3.1 drawString
19
20 } // end method paint 3.2 drawString
The two drawStringon same x coordinate,
21
22 } // end class WelcomeApplet2
but 15 pixels
statements simulate a newline. In down
fact, the concept of lines of text
does not exist when drawing
strings.

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 23
Outline

1 <html> HTML file

2 <applet code = "WelcomeApplet2.class" width = "300" height = "60">
3 </applet>
4 </html>

Program Output

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 24
1 // Fig. 3.11: WelcomeLines.java Outline
2 // Displaying text and lines
3
4 // Java packages WelcomeLines.ja
5 import java.awt.Graphics; // import class Graphics
6 import javax.swing.JApplet; // import class JApplet
va
7
8 public class WelcomeLines extends JApplet { 2. Class
9 WelcomeLines
10 // draw lines and a string on applet’s background
(extends
11 public void paint( Graphics g )
12 {
JApplet)
13 // call superclass version of method paint
14 super.paint( g ); 3. paint
15
16 // draw horizontal line from (15, 10) to (210, 10)
3.1 drawLine
17 g.drawLine( 15, 10, 210, 10 );
18
19 // draw horizontal line from (15, 30) to (210, 30) 3.2 drawLine
20 g.drawLine( 15, 30, 210, 30 ); Draw horizontal lines with
21 drawLine (endpoints have same
3.3 drawString
22 // draw String between lines at location (25, 25) y coordinate).
23 g.drawString( "Welcome to Java Programming!", 25, 25 );
24
25 } // end method paint
26
27 } // end class WelcomeLines

Program Output
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 25
1 <html> Outline
2 <applet code = "WelcomeLines.class" width = "300" height = "40">
3 </applet>
4 </html> HTML file

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 26

3.4 Drawing Strings and Lines

• Method drawLine of class Graphics

– Takes as arguments Graphics object and line’s end points
– X and y coordinate of first endpoint
– X and y coordinate of second endpoint

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 27

3.5 Adding Floating-Point Numbers

• Next applet
– Mimics application for adding two integers (Fig 2.9)
• This time, use floating point numbers (numbers with a decimal
point)
– Using primitive types
• double – double precision floating-point numbers
• float – single precision floating-point numbers
– Show program, then discuss

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 28
1 // Fig. 3.13: AdditionApplet.java Outline
2 2 // Adding
// Adding two
two floating-point
floating-pointnumbers.
numbers
3 3 import java.awt.Graphics; // import class Graphics
4 // Java packages AdditionApplet.
5 5 import java.awt.Graphics; // import class Graphics
6 import javax.swing.*;
java
6 public class AdditionApplet//extends
import package
JAppletjavax.swing
{
7
7 double sum; // sum of the values entered by the user 1. import
8 public class AdditionApplet extends JApplet {
8
9 double sum; // sum of values entered by user
9 public void init()
10 * allows any class in the 2. Class
10 {
11 // initialize applet by obtaining valuespackage to be used.
from user AdditionApplet
11 String firstNumber, // first string entered by user
12 public void init()
13 12 { secondNumber; // second string entered by user (extends
14 13 doublefirstNumber;
String number1, // // first
first number
string to add
entered by user JApplet)
15 14 number2;
String secondNumber; // // second
second number
string to add
entered by user
16 15 Field sum may be used anywhere 3. Fields
17 16 // read
double in first
number1; number fromnumber
// first user
in to
theadd
class, even in other methods.
18 17 firstNumber
double =
number2; // second number to add
19 18 JOptionPane.showInputDialog( Type double can store floating 4. init
20 19 "Enter
// obtain first first point
numberfloating-point
from user numbers.
value" );
21 20 firstNumber = JOptionPane.showInputDialog( 4.1 Declare variables
22 21 //"Enter first
read in floating-point
second value"
number from user);
23 22 secondNumber = 4.2
24 23 // obtain second number from user
JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
25 secondNumber = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
showInputDialog
24 "Enter second floating-point value" );
26 "Enter second floating-point value" );
25
27 4.3 parseDouble
28 // convert numbers from type String to type double
29 number1 = Double.parseDouble( firstNumber );
30 number2 = Double.parseDouble( secondNumber );
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32 31 //add
// addnumbers
the numbers Outline
33 32 sum
sum= =number1
number1+ number2;
+ number2;
34
33 }
35
34
} // end method init 5. Draw applet
36
37 35 public
// void paint(
draw results Graphics on
in a rectangle g )applet’s background contents
38 36 {
public void paint( Graphics g )
39 37 { // draw the results with g.drawString 5.1 Draw a rectangle
40 38 // call superclass
g.drawRect( version
15, 10, 270,of20method
); paint
41 super.paint( g );
39 g.drawString( "The sum is " + sum, 25, 25 ); 5.2 Draw the results
42
40 }
43 // draw rectangle starting from (15, 10) that is 270
44 41 } // pixels wide and 20 pixels tall
45 g.drawRect( 15, 10, 270, 20 );
1 <html>
46
47 2 <applet code="AdditionApplet.class"
// draw width=300
results as a String at (25, 25) height=50>
48 3 </applet>
g.drawString( "The sum is " + sum, 25, 25 );
49 4 </html>
50 } // end method paint
drawRect takes the upper left coordinate, width,
51 and height of the rectangle to draw.
52 } // end class AdditionApplet HTML file

1 <html>
2 <applet code = "AdditionApplet.class" width = "300" height = "65">
3 </applet>
4 </html>

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 30
Outline

Program Output

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 31

3.5 Adding Floating-Point Numbers

– Lines 1-2: Comments
5 import java.awt.Graphics; // import class Graphics

– Line 5: imports class Graphics

• import not needed if use full package and class name
public void paint ( java.awt.Graphics g )
6 import javax.swing.*; // import package javax.swing

– Line 8: specify entire javax.swing package

• * indicates all classes in javax.swing are available
– Includes JApplet and JOptionPane
– Use JOptionPane instead of
javax.swing.JOptionPane
• * does not not load all classes
– Compiler only loads classes it uses

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 32

3.5 Adding Floating-Point Numbers

8 public class AdditionApplet extends JApplet {

– Begin class declaration

• Extend JApplet, imported from package javax.swing

9 double sum; // sum of values entered by user

– Field declaration
• Each object of class gets own copy of the field
• Declared in body of class, but not inside methods
– Variables declared in methods are local variables
– Can only be used in body of method
• Fields can be used anywhere in class
• Have default value (0.0 in this case)

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 33

3.5 Adding Floating-Point Numbers

9 double sum; // sum of values entered by user

– Primitive type double

• Used to store floating point (decimal) numbers

12 public void init()

– Method init
• Normally initializes fields and applet class
• Guaranteed to be first method called in applet
• First line must always appear as above
– Returns nothing (void), takes no arguments

13 {

– Begins body of method init

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 34

3.5 Adding Floating-Point Numbers

14 String firstNumber; // first string entered by user
15 String secondNumber; // second string entered by user
16
17 double number1; // first number to add
18 double number2; // second number to add
– Declare variables
– Two types of variables
• Reference variables (called references)
– Refer to objects (contain location in memory)
• Objects defined in a class definition
• Can contain multiple data and methods
– paint receives a reference called g to a Graphics
object
– Reference used to call methods on the Graphics object
• Primitive types (called variables)
– Contain one piece of data

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3.5 Adding Floating-Point Numbers

14 String firstNumber; // first string entered by user
15 String secondNumber; // second string entered by user
16
17 double number1; // first number to add
18 double number2; // second number to add

– Distinguishing references and variables

• If type is a class name, then reference
– String is a class
– firstNumber, secondNumber
• If type a primitive type, then variable
– double is a primitive type
– number1, number2

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 36

3.5 Adding Floating-Point Numbers

21 firstNumber = JOptionPane.showInputDialog(
22 "Enter first floating-point value" );

• Method JOptionPane.showInputDialog
• Prompts user for input with string
• Enter value in text field, click OK
– If not of correct type, error occurs
– In Chapter 15 learn how to deal with this
• Returns string user inputs
• Assignment statement to string
– Lines 25-26: As above, assigns input to secondNumber

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3.5 Adding Floating-Point Numbers

29 number1 = Double.parseDouble( firstNumber );
30 number2 = Double.parseDouble( secondNumber );

– static method Double.parseDouble

• Converts String argument to a double
• Returns the double value
• Remember static method syntax
– ClassName.methodName( arguments )

33 sum = number1 + number2;

– Assignment statement
• sum an field, can use anywhere in class
– Not defined in init but still used

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3.5 Adding Floating-Point Numbers

35 } // end method init

– Ends method init

• appletviewer (or browser) calls inherited method start
• start usually used with multithreading
– Advanced concept, in Chapter 16
– We do not declare it, so empty declaration in JApplet
used
• Next, method paint called
45 g.drawRect( 15, 10, 270, 20 );

– Method drawRect( x1, y1, width, height )

• Draw rectangle, upper left corner (x1, y1), specified width
and height
• Line 45 draws rectangle starting at (15, 10) with a width of
270 pixels and a height of 20 pixels
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 39

3.5 Adding Floating-Point Numbers

48 g.drawString( "The sum is " + sum, 25, 25 );

– Sends drawString message (calls method) to Graphics

object using reference g
• "The sum is" + sum - string concatenation
– sum converted to a string
• sum can be used, even though not defined in paint
– field, can be used anywhere in class
– Non-local variable

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 40
3.6 Java Applet Internet and World Wide Web
Resources
• Many Java applet resources available
– java.sun.com/applets/
– Many resources and free applets
• Has demo applets from J2SDK
– Sun site developer.java.sun.com/developer
• Tech support, discussion forums, training, articles, links, etc.
• Registration required
– www.jars.com
• Rates applets, top 1, 5 and 25 percent
• View best applets on web

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