Lipids Function

and Structure

Lipid 1
I. THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF
LIPIDS
Unlike the proteins, nucleic acids, and
polysaccharides, lipids are not polymers
They are quite small molecules.
The predominance of hydrocarbon chains
(-CH2-CH2-CH2--) in their structure, lipids
have a hydrophobic, which explain why
they are insoluble or only poorly soluble in
water
They are readily solible in non polar solvent
solvent such as ether, chloroform, and
benzene
Lipid 2
Lipid 3
 cis
3 2 1

Lipid 4
Lipid 5
Lipid 6
 DEFINISI

composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

but have many more hydrogens than
oxygens. Different types of lipids include the
neutral lipids ( fats and oils ), the
phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.
Kelompok heterogen senyawa yang memiliki
sifat tidak larut dalam air; larut dalam
senyawa non polar (eter, kloroform,
benzene)
lemak, minyak, wax, dll
Lipid 7
 KLASIFIKASI

Simple lipid;
Lemak
Wax
Complex Lipid
Fosfolipid
Gliko lipid
Others
Precursor/derivated

Lipid 8
 Berdasarkan muatan

Neutral Lipid
TG
Kolesterol/ester

Polar lipid

Lipid 9
A. CLASSIFICATION
There are many different methods of classifying
lipids.
In this chapter used classification of lipids and
the biologic functions
FATTY ACIDS
TRIACYLGLYCEROL (triglyceride)
PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES (Phospholipid)
KETONE BODIES
SPHINGOLIPIDS
EIOCOSANOID (Prostaglandins,Thromboxanes,
Leucotrienes)
CHOLESTEROL
STEROID HORMONES
Lipid 10
 II. FATTY ACIDS

A. Nature and Nomenclature

Fatty acids are water-insoluble long-chain
hydrocarbon with one carboxyl group at
the end of the chain, which may be
saturated or unsaturated Table 10.1 list
some biologically important fatty acids

Lipid 11
Lipid 12
1. Saturated fatty acids do not have double
bonds in the chain
Nomenclature.
The systematic name gives the number of
carbons, with the suffix anoic.
Palmitic acid, for example, has 16 carbons and
has the systematic name hexadecanoic acid
Structure
The general formula of saturated fatty acids is
CH3-(CH2)n-COOH
Where n specifies the number of methylene
groups between the methyl and carboxyl
carbons
Lipid 13
2. Unsaturated Fatty acids have one or more
double bonds
Nomenclature.
The most commonly used system for designating
the position of double bonds in an unsaturated
fatty acid is the delta () numbering system.
(1). The terminal carboxyl carbon is designated
carbon number 1, and the double bond is given
the number of the carbon atom on the carboxyl
side of the double bond.
For example:
Palmitoleic acid has 16 carbons and has a double
bond between carbons 9 and 10. It is designated
as 16:1 9 or 16 : 1 :9
Lipid 14
(2) The systematic name gives the number
of carbon atoms,the number of double
bonds, and bears thesuffic enoic
Palmitoleic acid is cis- 9-hexadecenoic acid;
linoleic acid, which has 18 caebons and two
double bonds, is (i.e, all double bond are cis)
cis- 9- 12

Lipid 15
 Structure.
Double bonds in naturally occurring Fatty
acids are always in a cis

H H

CH2 C C CH2
cis

Lipid 16
B. SOURCES
Non essential Fatty acids
Essential fatty acids

C. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
The melting point of fatty acids is related to
chain length and degree of unsaturation.
The longer the chain length, the higher the
melting point, and the greater the number of
double bonds the lower the melting point

Lipid 17
Lipid 18
D. TRIACYLGLYCEROLS : FATS
Structure
Triglycerides or triacylglycerols are triesters
of glycerol and three fatty acids.
The general formula is shown here

Lipid 19
Lipid 20
 Function
The long hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids
are extraordinarily efficient for energy
storage, in fact, storage of fatty acids in
organism is largely in the form of
triacylglycerols, or fats.

Fatty acids are converted to triglycerides

for transport between tissues and for
storage of metabolic fuel.

Lipid 21
a. The main stores are the fat deposit in fats cells
(adipocytes)
b. Triglycerides have several advantages
(1) Triglycerides are light (less than water). They
complete combustion to CO2 and water release
9 kcal/g as opposed to 4 kcal/g for
carbohydrate.
(2)Triglycerides present no osmotic problems to
the cell even when stored in large amounts,
because they are water insoluble.
c.Utilization of fatty acids. The fatty acids are used
by most tissues, with the exeption of the brain .
Utilization of glycerol. The glycerol, which cannot
be used by adipose tissue cells, is picked up by
the liver as a substrate for gluconeogenesis.
Lipid 22
E. KETONE BODIES

Keton bodies are small, water soluble,

potential units of acetate: acetone,
acetoacetate and -Hydroxybutirate, all of
which are formed from fatty acids and
carbohydrates
1. Synthesis of ketone bodies are limited,
for example, in fasting and in starvation
2. During starvation, keton bodies are the
only source of fuel

Lipid 23
Lipid 24
 III. PHOSPHOLIPIDS
A. FUNCTION
Phospholipids are the major lipid
constituent of cellular membranes and
occur in high concentration in the lipids of
glandular organs, blood plasma, egg yolk.
40 % of the lipids in the erythrocyte
membrane
over 95 % of the lipids in the inner
mitochondrial membrane, only about 20%
the inner mitochondrial membrane are
cardiolipin, a phosphoglyceride

Lipid 25
B. STRUCTURE OF PHOSPHOGLYCERIDE

Phosphoglycerides are triesters of

glycerol 3-phosphate

O O
CH2 O C R1
O CH2 O C R1
O
R2 C O CH
O R2 C CH
CH2 O C R3 O
CH2 O P OH
OH

Lipid 26
C CLASSIFICATION OF PHOSPHOGLYCERIDE
1. Phosphatidylcholine (lecithin)
2. Phosphatidylethanolamine (a cephalin)
3. Phosphatidylserine
4. Phosphatidylinositol
5. Cardiolipin

Lipid 27
Glycerophospholipid Structure

O
CH2 O C R1
O
CH O C R2
O
R3 O P O CH2
OH

Lipid 28
Lipid 29
Lipid 30
Lipid 31
D. PROPERTIES OF PHOSPHOGLYCERIDES

1. Amphipatic
Phosphoglycerides possessing both
hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups

2. Amphoteric
Phosphoglycerides bering both negatively
charged and positively charged groups

Lipid 32
 IV. SPHINGOLIPIDS

The greatest concentration of sphingolipids

is found in the CNS, particularly in white
matter
Types of sphingolipids: sphingomyelin and
the glycosphingolipids.
All sphingolipids are derived from
sphingosine.

Lipid 33
Lipid 34
A. SPHINGOMYELIN

Function. Sphingomyelin are the major

phospholipid component of membranes in
neural tissue

Structure. Sphingomyelin are the only

sphingolipids that contain phosphate and
have no sugar moiety

Lipid 35
Lipid 36
 Sphingosin

OH O
CH3 (CH2)12 CH = CH C CH NH C R

CH2
Fatty acid
O

Phosphic acid O = P OH
+
O CH2 CH2 N(CH3)3

Cholin

Sphingomyelin

Lipid 37
B. GLYCOSPHINGOLIPID
Sphingolipids that contain carbohydrate
moieties are known as glycosphingolipids
have been distinguished : cerebrosides and
anglesites
1. Cerebrosides are ceramides
monohexosides, the most important being
galactocerebroside and glucocerebroside.
Cerebrosides are found in neural tissue
membrane, particularly the myelin sheath .
2. Gangliosides are ceramide
oligosaccharides, they contain one or more
neuraminic residue
Lipid 38
Lipid 39

Sia

Lipid 40
C. SPHINGOLIPIDOSES

There are a number of inherited genetic

disorders referred to as lipid storage
diseases in which there is a deficiency of
an enzyme.

For example : Gauchers disease,

Niemann-Pick disease and Tay-Sachs

Lipid 41
 V. EICOSANOIDS

Eicosanoids are products of the

metabolism of the 20-carbon-
poliunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid

Lipid 42
A. PROSTAGLANDINS
1. Structure .
Prostaglandins are analogs of prostanoic
acids

O
COOH
Prostaglandin E1

OH OH
Lipid 43
2. Function
a. Prostaglandins are widely distributed in
tissues, but their role is not yet fully
understood .
At very low concentrations prostaglandins
have been shown biologic activies, including:
(1) Smooth muscle contraction and relaction
(2) Gastric secretion
(3) Platelet aggregation
(4) Inflamatory response
(5) Response to trophic hormone (FSH & LH)
(6) Sodium and water retention by kidney
tubules
Lipid 44
B THROMBOXANES
1. Structure.
Thromboxanes are also analogs of
prostanoic acids, but they possess a six-
membered, oxygen containing ring

Lipid 45
2. Function
Thromboxane A2 (TX2) is produced by
platelets; it causes contraction of arteries
and platelet aggregation.

Lipid 46
 VI. STEROIDS
Steroids are lipids that contain four fused carbon
rings that form the steroid nucleus
cyclopentanoperhydrophenantrene

A. Sterol are a class of steroid in the human

body
1. A hydroxyl group at carbon 3 (C-3)
2. An aliphatic chain of at least eight
carbons at C-17

Lipid 47
B. Cholesterol is the mayor sterol in the
human body.

1. It is a structural component of cell

membranes and plasma lipoprotein

2. It is precursor from wich steroid

hormones and bile acids are synthesized

Lipid 48
Lipid 49
a. Steroid hormones
(1) The steroid hormones produced in humans
are formed and secreted by the adrenal
cortex, the testis, the ovary, and the
placenta.
In addition, the steroid compound, 1,25-
dihydroxycholecalciferol is form in the kidney.
The structures are shown in next slide.

Lipid 50
Lipid 51
(2) The adrenal cortex produces hormones
with two kind of physiologic activities.
(a) The zona fasciculate of the adrenal
cortex primarily produces cortisol in humans,
they are glucocorticoid and cortisol
(b) The zona glomerulosa produces
mineralocorticoid, that is aldosteron, which
controls the reabsorption of Na+ in the
kidney.

Lipid 52
(3). Gonadal steroids
(a)Testis produced testosterone

OH
CH3

CH3

Testosterone

Lipid 53
b. Bile acids
The predominant bile acids in humans are cholic,
chenodeoxycholic, deoxycholic, and lithocholic
acids (Figure 8-5)
1. Structure
a) The bile acids are C-24 steroids and are
derived from cholesterol (a C-27 steroid) by
scissor of the side chain, which leaves:
(i) A C-24 carboxyl group with the loss of
three carbons
(ii) Saturation od 5 double bond of cholesterol
(iii) Hydroxylation of the steroid nucleus

Lipid 54
b) Cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids are
formed in the liver from cholesterol and are
the primary bile acids.
Deoxycholic acids and lithocholic acids are
known as the secondary bile acids because
they are formed from the primary bile acids

c). The bile acids are conjugated to glycine or

taurine in the liver to form glycol or
taurocholate

Lipid 55
2. Function.

Continuos conversion of cholesterol to

bile acids prevents the excessive
accumulation of cholesterol in tissues.

Bile acids are secreted by faeces

Lipid 56
 Fungsi Lipid

Sumber/ cadangan energi adiposus

Penyusun membran syaraf
Penyusun membran sel/organel
Transporter
Vitamin, hormon, cell signaling

Lipid 57
SELESAI

Lipid 58