BOEING 737-200

ATA 51 Structures
Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
 STRUCTURES - DESCRIPTION AND
OPERATION

The structure of the airplane is designed to

provide maximum strength with minimum weight.
This object has been achieved by designing
alternate load paths into the structure, so that a
failure of one segment cannot endanger the
airplane, and also by the use of appropriately
selected materials.

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 STRUCTURES - DESCRIPTION AND
OPERATION

The materials most commonly used throughout the

structure are:
Aluminium (2024 (pulling), 7075 (pressure))
Steel
Magnesium alloys
Aluminum and fiberglass honeycomb core material is
used extensively on secondary areas of structures and
many of the flight surfaces.
Carbonfiber and Glare

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
 BOEING 737-200

ATA 53 Fuselage
Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
 Fuselage

The main unit of aircraft structure provides

space for passengers, cargo and other
equipment.

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Fuselage

Semimonocoque structure with the skin

reinforced by circumferential frames and
longitudinal stringers.

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Fuselage mainframe

consists of components:
Frames
Bulkheads
Stringers
floor beams
floor-to-skin shear ties
keel beam

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Frame

Frames:
maintain shape of fuselage
reduce column length of stringer - prevents instability
carry and distribute loads, e.g.shear, tension
spaced 20 inches apart
Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
 Bulkheads
Carry and distribute different loads of fuselage
located in wings, tail surfaces, landing gears (higher concentration
of forces).
structure is important - it distributes applied loads to the fuselage
skin.

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Pressure bulkheads:
^ form part of pressurised cabin of fuselage
^ e.g. fwd pressure bulkhead and aft pressure bulkhead
^ installed to withstand pressure

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Stringer

Stringers (refuerzo):
give shape to the fuselage shell
located on the inner side of aircraft skin panel
designed to carry loads because of - fuselage bending,
shear, torsion and cabin pressure
Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
 Clips:
found on inner surface of skin attached to frame and stringer
purpose is to transfer pressure load from skin to frame
break up very long rows of stringers
assist frame in carrying compression stress

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Floor beams:
lay horizontally and adjacent to skin panel
attached to frames and carry pressure loads
support cabin pressurization
absorb normal loads of seat tracks and floor panels

Floor Beams

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Floor-to-skin shear ties
^ extend along the 2 sides of fuselage
^ level with floor beams
^ attached to floor beams, frames and skin stringer
^ provide path for distributing cabin pressure loads

Floor-to-skin shear ties

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Skin:
forms external surface of fuselage
skin and reinforcements
Skin buckling:
are largest item of fuselage structure
As stringers and frames are spaced at regular intervals:
the skin carries the primary loads
helps prevent buckling
maintains fuselage cross-section

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 All exterior skins:
clad aluminum or
treated with chromic acid anodizing or
treated with alodine to prevent corrosion

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Keel beam is located through center wing section of fuselage
supports wheel well area where maximum bending can occur
can transport wing loads
wheel well area does not need a skin / stringer system because of the keel beam
allows the retraction of the landing gears into the wheel well area

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Fuselage center section provides cabin with a structure for joining the center
wing box and main landing gears together
The area underneath cabin floor is unpressurized.

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Fuselage Boeing 737-200

It is composed of four sections:

body sections 41, 43 and 46, extend from body
station 178 to body station 1016 and contain all
the passenger, crew, and cargo accommodations.
The fourth section (48 ) of the fuselage is at the
aft end and provides support for the empennage.

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
 B STA 178 Pressure Bulkhead
B STA 227.8 NLG fwd wall
B STA 294.5 NLG aft wall
B STA 380 fwd cargo comp. wall
B STA 520 aft cargo comp. wall
B STA 540 Front spar of center
Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
wing box.
 B STA 664 aft spar ctr wing box B STA 1016 aft pressure bulkhead
& fwd wall MLG. & vertical fin front attach spar.

B STA 727 aft wall MLG & fwd

wall aft cargo comp.

B STA 1088 vertical fin rear attach spar

B STA 1156 Stab horiz ctr section, elev mech &

APU exhaust pipe
Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
 Materials
Frames: Aluminum Alloy 2024 and 7075
Stringers: Aluminum Alloy 7075
Keel Beam: Aluminum Alloy 7075
Skin: Aluminum Alloy 2024
Floor Beam: Aluminum Alloy 7075

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 BOEING 737-200

ATA 57 Wings
Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
Skin panels:
reinforced by stringers which are joined to left and right wing
skin panel stringers
Center wing box:
reinforced by beams with stiffened webs attached to upper
and lower skin panels

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Wings

located at sides of center of fuselage

create lift which keeps aircraft in flight
also:
store fuel for flight
house the fuel system components
give support for engines, flight controls and
other systems

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Wing structure has 3 main areas.
^ permanently joined together
^ form mainframe of wing
- function of mainframe is to transmit loads to the fuselage structure

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Main components of left and right wing boxes:
^ rear and front spar - fuel tank walls to contain fuel
^ ribs
^ upper / lower stringers
^ upper / lower skin panels

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Skin panels:
^ form exterior surface of wing
^ reinforced by stringers on inner surface
^ thickness is tapered depending on joints and openings
Upper skin panel:
^ carries mainly compression loads to fuselage structure
^ made of zinc aluminum alloy
Lower skin panel:
^ carries mainly tension loads to fuselage structure
^ made of copper aluminum alloy

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Areas within wing boxes are sealed:
^ to make fluid-tight compartments for storing fuel

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Wing skin panels have:
^ access doors
^ openings located in the wing ribs

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Wing front and rear spars carry loads:
^ through fittings and attachments of components e.g. engines and landing gears

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Front spar is a beam with:
^ vertical stiffeners
^ upper and lower chord angles
^ spar web

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Front spar is a beam with:
^ vertical stiffeners
^ upper and lower chord angles
^ spar web
Vertical stiffeners:
^ attached to 2 sides of spar web
^ supply a way of attaching leading / trailing edge ribs
^ supply additional rigidity

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Chord angles:
^ attached to spar web, vertical stiffeners and ribs with bolts
Spar web:
^ plate between upper and lower skin panels
^ forms forward end of wing box

Rear spar:
^ constructed in similar way to front spar
^ difference - landing gear support arm also connected
Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
 Landing gear support arm:
^ distributes aft main landing gear loads to wing rear spar and fuselage structure
^ made of titanium
Outboard end of landing gear support arm makes rigid connection:
^ wing rear spar
^ inboard end to fuselage
Landing gear trunnion:
^ between landing gear support beam and wing rear spar
^ hinge - permits gears to retract

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Ribs:
^ lie diagonally and adjacent in wing box depending on aircraft type
Functions of ribs:
^ carry torsion, compression and shear loads
^ give shape to wing
^ provide walls for fuel tanks

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Leading edge structure:
^ at the forward end of the wing profile
^ supports variable camber flaps, Krueger flaps or slats
Leading edge:
^ carries different loads through front spar to fuselage structure

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Leading edge structure has:
^ stiffeners
^ ribs
^ upper and lower skin panel
^ glass fabric honeycomb material - shape forward end
Nose cap of leading edge structure:
^ made of aluminum alloy

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Trailing edge:
^ aft end of wing profile
^ carries different loads to fuselage structure
Trailing edge structure supports:
^ flight controls and their operation
^ other aircraft system equipment, tubing cables and wiring
Trailing edge structure:
^ has ribs, stiffeners, beams and skin panels

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Center wing box:
^ distributes different loads to fuselage
^ can also house a fuel tank
^ helps support fuselage and left and right wing boxes
Center wing box made of:
^ front spar and rear spar
^ upper and lower skin panels
Outboard sides of center wing box:
^ constructed with wing-to-body ribs
^ forms inboard end of left / right wing boxes

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 B787 Center Wing Box and Keel Beam
Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
 Wing Structure
LH OUTB and RH OUBD wing boxes
cantilevered to the Center Wing Box.
Wing boxes structures:
Upper & lower skin panels (reinforced by stringers).
Front & rear spar (reinforced vertical stiffeners),
Wing box reinforced by ribs.
Center wing box reinforced by beams.

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Material
Wing Center Section
Beams: Aluminum Alloy 7178
Stringers: Aluminum Alloy 2024
Wing
Spars: Aluminum Alloy 2024 and 7178
Ribs Aluminum Alloy 7075
Upper Skin and Stringers: Aluminum Alloy 7178.
Lower Skin and Stringers: Aluminum Alloy 2024.

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Leading Edge Slats

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
 Leading Edge Slats
Consist of:
Ribs attached to a beam.
Inner and outer skin panels and trailing edge.
Void between skins provides anti-ice.
Aluminum Alloy 2024 and honeycomb.

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Leading Edge Flaps

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
 Leading Edge Flaps
Consist of:
Machined casting containing integral ribs and
stiffeners.
Aluminum Alloy A356 (casting)

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Trailing Edge Flaps

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Trailing Edge Flaps
The three flap segments are mechanically
separated during flap extension.
Each trailing edge flap is supported by two
flap carriages, which travel on tracks
mounted under the wing.

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
 Trailing Edge Flaps
Inbd & Outb T.E flaps consist of:
Midflap
Foreflap
Aftflap
Aluminum Alloy 2024 and Honeycomb.

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Midflap
Consist of:
Inbd: ribs, 3 spars, honeycomb T.E. and skins.
Outb: ribs, 2 spars, T.E. beam, a honeycomb
T.E. panels and skins.

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Foreflap
Consist of:
Monospar structure with 2 honeycomb T.E
panels and skins

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Aftflap

Consist of:
Monospar structure, honeycomb T.E panels and
skins.

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
 Ailerons

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Ailerons
The ailerons are the major wing flight
control surfaces.
Each wing has an aileron.
Each aileron is hinged from ribs attached to
the rear spar, and is provided with a tab
along its trailing edge.
Aluminum Alloy 2024 and Honeycomb.

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
 Spoilers

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Spoilers
The inboard spoiler is hinged from the aft
side of the wing rear spar and the landing
gear support beam.
The three outboard spoilers are hinged from
the aft side of the wing rear spar.
Aluminum Alloy 7075 and Honeycomb.

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
 BOEING 737-200

ATA 54 Nacelles and Pylons

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
 Nacelle

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 More information about fan cowl - Unit 71 Power Plant.

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Pylon under each wing has 4 functions:
^ supports engines on each wing
^ supports / routes systems between engine and wing
^ carries mainly torsion loads to wing structure
Pylon:
^ also known as strut
^ constructed with frame and skin structure
^ nacelle strut assembly

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Nacelle strut assembly:
^ torque box
^ firewall and fireseal
^ fairings
^ strut drains
^ fan cowl support beam
^ engine attach fittings

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Torque box: spars, ribs, stiffeners, skin panels like other main
structure components.
^ bearing
^ engine attach fittings
Torque box attached to 3 areas on wing:
^ 2 forward pylon attach fittings
^ 1 aft pylon attach fitting
Forward pylon-attach fittings bolted to 2 sets of twin links

Bearing transmits lateral / longitudinal

loads between pylon and wing
Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
 These are the 3 points of the wing box that the torque box
is attached to.
Forward pylon attach fittings:
^ transmit weight and lateral loads
Aft pylon attach fitting:
^ transmits weight and longitudinal loads

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

Fan cowl support beam.
^ extends forward of torque box
^ bolted by link and attach fittings to forward end of torque box
^ supports fan cowl by hinge fittings
^ distributes different loads through beam to torque box

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Wing-to-nacelle fairings:
^ attached to pylon
^ provide low-drag aerodynamic profile between engine
nacelle and wing

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 NACELLES DESCRIPTION

Each engine is mounted at three points directly from the

wing.
The cowling and supporting structure of the engines is
generally constructed of aluminum alloy, Steel, stainless
steel or titanium is used in areas where high structural
strength and fire or heat resistance is required.
The engine-to-wing fairing is supported by the wing.
The fixed cowl is attached to the engine and the movable
cowl is supported by hinges from the fixed cowl.

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
 Materials
Nose cowl: Aluminum Alloy 2024
Side cowls: Aluminum Alloy 2024 and 7075
Fixed upper cowl: Titanium alloy
Thrust Reverser fairing: Stainless steel (interior
skin) - Aluminum Alloy 7075 (exterior skin)
Engine to wing fairing: Stainless steel and
Titanium alloy

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 BOEING 737-200

ATA 55 Stabilizers
Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
 Empennage
Located at the aft end of the aircraft. It is an
unpressurised area and consists of:
vertical stabilizer
dorsal fin
rudders
horizontal stabilizers
elevators
tail section
tail cone

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
 Tail section has attach fittings for vertical stabilizer,
tail cone and horizontal stabilizer

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Tail cone:
forms aft end of fuselage
made of frames, stringers, skin panels riveted together
removable single unit
APU compartment
access doors for dismantling and inspection of APU
APU air intake and exhaust

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Horizontal stabilizers allow pitch trim control
and are used as fuel tank on some aircraft.

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Leading edge:
on the forward end of the stabilizer profile
carries loads through the stabilizer center section to the fuselage.

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Forward torque box structure: front spar, ribs and auxiliary spar constructed like
front spar.
Aft torque box structure is similar to forward torque box construction

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Fixed trailing edge located on aft end of the stabilizer profile:
supports hinged elevator with a hinge fitting
carries loads through the stabilizer center section to the fuselage

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Inboard / outboard elevator:
move separately and give pitch control
attached by hinge fittings to the fixed trailing edge
constructed like the stabilizer

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

 Vertical stabilizer:
has a rib structure
tip at upper end of vertical stabilizer
Dorsal fin:
joins vertical stabilizer smoothly to fuselage
constructed of machined aluminum skin and small ribs

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
 Horizontal Stabilizer
The left and right horizontal stabilizer outboard
sections are attached to an adjustable center
section truss located within the fuselage.
The movable center section pivots on two hinge
joints attached to a bulkhead in the fuselage and is
operated by a jackscrew mounted at the front spar.
Each horizontal outboard section consists of two
spars with interconnecting ribs and skin forming a
torsion and bending structure.
Elevators are hinged from the horizontal stabilizer.

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara
 Materials
Stabilizers
Spars and ribs: Aluminum alloy 7075
Skin: Aluminum alloy 2024
Rudder
Spars and ribs: Aluminum alloy 2024
Skin: Fiberglass Honeycomb

Universidad Tcnica Federico Santa Mara