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Multimedia & Web Development

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164 views16 pages

Multimedia & Web Development

Uploaded by

mphasitha
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Multimedia & Web

Development
SOUND

Associate Professor Ravindra Koggalage


Pragathi Weerakoon
[email protected]
Sound
Sound is perhaps the most sensuous
element of multimedia.
The Power of Sound
•When something vibrates in the air by moving
back and forth, it creates waves of pressure.
These waves spread, and when they reach your
eardrums, you experience the vibrations as
sound.
•Acoustics is the branch of physics that studies
sound
•Sound pressure levels (loudness or volume) are
measured in decibels (dB)
Sound
Multimedia System Sounds
Sound
Digital Audio
When represent a sound wave using numbers,
created digital audio.
Sound
Digital Audio
Preparing Digital Audio Files
File size Versus Quality

Size formula of digital recording


sampling duration of
Mono (bitresolution / 1
rate * recording in * 8) *
seconds

sampling duration of
Stereo (bit resolution / 2
rate * recording in * 8) *
seconds

Quality File Size


Sound
Digital Audio
Preparing Digital Audio Files
Setting Proper Recording Level
Consumer –grade audio compact discs are
recorded in stereo at s sampling rate of 44.1 kHz
and a 16 bit resolution. Other sampling rates
include 22.05 and 11 kHz, at either 16 or 8 bits.
When recording (digitizing) audio, it is important
to keep the recording level near the maximum
without going over it.
Important steps in digital sound editing include
removing blank space from the start and end of a
recording and normalizing the sound to bring all
clips to approximately the same level.
Sound
Digital Audio
Preparing Digital Audio Files
Setting Proper Recording Level

Editing Digital Recording


Multiple Tracks
Trimming
Splicing and Assembly
Volume Adjustments
Format Conversion
Resampling or Downsampling
Fade-ins and Fade-outs
Equalization
Time Stretching
Digital Signal Processing (DSP)
Reversing sounds
Sound
Making MIDI Audio
MIDI- Musical Instrument Digital Interface

a) MIDI data is not digitalized sound; it is a


short hand representation of music stored in
numeric form.
b) MIDI files tend to be significantly smaller
than equivalent digitalized waveform files.
c) MIDI data is device dependant; it is
playback depends of the capabilities of the
end user’s system.
d) Because they are small, MIDI files embedded
in web pages load and play more quickly
than their digital equivalent.
Sound
Making MIDI Audio
MIDI- Musical Instrument Digital Interface

e) You can change the length of a MIDI file (by


varying its tempo) without changing the
pitch of the music or degrading the audio
quality. MIDI data is completely editable.
f) MIDI can not easily be used to play back
spoken dialog.
g) Working with MIDI required familiarity
with musical stores, keyboards, and notation
as well as audio production.
Sound
Audio File Formats
a) Digital audio data is the actual
representation of a sound, stored in the form
of thousands of individual samples that
represent the aplitude (or loudness) of a
sound at a discrete point in time.
b) How often the samples are taken in the
sampling rate.
c) Three sampling frequencies –
a) CD quality 44.1 kHz
b) 22.05 kHz
c) 11.025 kHz
d) Digital audio is not device dependant, and
sounds the same every time it is determined
by the number of bits used to describe the
amplitude of the sound wave when the
sample is taken
Sound
Audio File Formats
e) Sample sizes are either 8 bites or 16 bits.
f) The value of each sample is rounded off to
the nearest integer (quantization)
g) The preparation and programming required
for creating digital audio do not demand
knowledge of music theory.

MIDI Vs Digital Audio


i. MIDI is analogous to structured or vector
graphics, while digitized audio is analogous
to bitmapped images.
ii. MIDI is device dependant, while digitized
audio is device independent.
iii. Use MIDI only when you have control over
the playback hardware and know users will
be use high quality MIDI device for
Sound
MIDI Vs Digital Audio
iv. MIDI files are much smaller than digitized
audio, so they may be used for delivery of
music under the right circumstances.
v. Use digitized audio for spoken dialogue.

Sound for the world wide web


.au (µLaw)[8kHz-8/16bits] More types(aLaw)

Buffer
Streaming
Band width
Adobe’s Flash
Sound
Adding Sound to your Multimedia Project
1. Determine the file formats that are
compatible with your multimedia authoring
software and the delivery medium(s) you will
be using (for file storage and bandwidth
capacity)
2. Determine the sound playback capebilities
(codes and plug-ins) that the end user’s
system offers.
3. Decided what kind of sound needed (such as
background music, special sound effects, and
spoken dialogue). Decide where these audio
events will occur in the flow of your project.
Fit the sound cues into your storyboard, or
make up a cue sheet.
Sound
Adding Sound to your Multimedia Project
4. Decide where and when you want to use
either digital audio or MIDI data.
5. Acquire source material by creating it from
scratch or purchasing it.
6. Edit the sounds to fit your project.
7. Test the sound to be sure they are timed
properly with the project’s images. This may
involve repeating steps 1 through 4 until
everything is in sync.
Sound
Music CDs
1. International standard ISO 10149 Red Book
2. 16 bits at 44.1 kHz and at 48 kHz
3. Burning software (Toast, Roxio) translate to
MP3 or WAV or CD Audio format
Space Considerations
Estimate your storage needs
(Sampling rate * bits per sample)/8=bytes per second

sample rate * sample size/8*# seconds*2=file size in KB

Example:
60 seconds of stereo in Red Book Audio:
44.1*1608*60*2 = 10,584KB = 10.59MB
Sound
Production Tips
Vaughan’s Law of Multimedia Minimums
There is an acceptable minimum level of
adequacy that will satisfy the audience, even
when that level may not be the best that
technology, money or time and effort can
buy.

Audio recording
Keeping track of your sound
Testing and evaluation
Copyright Issues

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