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    Pse 476-15 Kraft Recoveryrevisedforstudents

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    azula
    This document provides an overview of the kraft recovery process, which regenerates cooking chemicals like sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium sulfide (Na2S) used in the kraft pulping process. It describes how black liquor from pulp washing is concentrated via evaporation and then burned in a recovery furnace to produce smelt. The smelt is cooled and processed to form green liquor, which is treated with lime in a causticizing process to precipitate calcium carbonate and regenerate white liquor containing NaOH that can be reused for pulping. The calcium carbonate is then processed in a lime kiln to regenerate lime for the causticizing step.

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    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Pse 476-15 Kraft Recoveryrevisedforstudents

    Uploaded by

    azula
    77 views18 pages
    This document provides an overview of the kraft recovery process, which regenerates cooking chemicals like sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium sulfide (Na2S) used in the kraft pulping process. It describes how black liquor from pulp washing is concentrated via evaporation and then burned in a recovery furnace to produce smelt. The smelt is cooled and processed to form green liquor, which is treated with lime in a causticizing process to precipitate calcium carbonate and regenerate white liquor containing NaOH that can be reused for pulping. The calcium carbonate is then processed in a lime kiln to regenerate lime for the causticizing step.

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    Kraft Process

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    This document provides an overview of the kraft recovery process, which regenerates cooking chemicals like sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium sulfide (Na2S) used in the kraft pulping process. It describes how black liquor from pulp washing is concentrated via evaporation and then burned in a recovery furnace to produce smelt. The smelt is cooled and processed to form green liquor, which is treated with lime in a causticizing process to precipitate calcium carbonate and regenerate white liquor containing NaOH that can be reused for pulping. The calcium carbonate is then processed in a lime kiln to regenerate lime for the causticizing step.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    77 views18 pages

    Pse 476-15 Kraft Recoveryrevisedforstudents

    Uploaded by

    azula
    This document provides an overview of the kraft recovery process, which regenerates cooking chemicals like sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium sulfide (Na2S) used in the kraft pulping process. It describes how black liquor from pulp washing is concentrated via evaporation and then burned in a recovery furnace to produce smelt. The smelt is cooled and processed to form green liquor, which is treated with lime in a causticizing process to precipitate calcium carbonate and regenerate white liquor containing NaOH that can be reused for pulping. The calcium carbonate is then processed in a lime kiln to regenerate lime for the causticizing step.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 18

    Pulping and Bleaching

    PSE 476/Chem E 471

    Lecture #15
    The Kraft Recovery Process

    1
    Agenda

    Overview of process
    Black Liquor
    Evaporation
    Recovery Furnace
    Smelt
    Causticizing
    Lime Kiln

    2
    Basics of the Kraft Recovery
    System
    Cooking
    This diagram (taken Pulp
    &
    Chips
    Washing
    from Kraft Pulping:
    A Compilation of
    Notes shows what BLACK LIQUOR
    WHITE LIQUOR
    Alkali Lignin
    will be covered in Hydrolysis Salts NaOH
    Na2S
    Sulfonation Products
    this lecture. The
    object of this system
    is to regenerate the Evaporation
    &
    GREEN LIQUOR
    Na2CO3 Causticizing

    cooking chemicals Burning Na2S

    and to generate heat Heat Water


    CaCO3
    = steam & power. Makeup Chemicals CaO

    3
    Black liquor separation

    4
    Basics of the Kraft Recovery
    System II

    5
    Black Liquor

    Chips

    NaOH Inorganics
    Na2S
    Digester Pulp NaOH (7%)
    Na2S (19%)
    Black Liquor Na2CO3 (36%)
    Na2SO3 (9%)
    14-18% Solids Na2SO4 (13%)
    pH 12+ Na2S2O3 (16%)
    65% Organics
    35% Inorganics
    Notes
    6
    Evaporation I

    In order to burn the black liquor, the solids content needs to


    be raised to over 60%.
    This means that over 80% of the water needs to be removed.
    This is accomplished through the use of multiple effect
    evaporators.

    7
    Evaporation II

    Evaporation is accomplished through:


    Direst contact with flue gasses (old)
    Indirect contact with steam
    - Falling film (new)
    - Raising film (old)
    With indirect contact, steam is applied
    countercurrent to the liquor (high temperature/pressure
    steam is applied to thickest liquor). The steam produced
    from the liquor is used to heat the next effect
    (evaporator) at a lower temperature and pressure.
    This continues to the first effect (most dilute liquor)
    which is run under vacuum. (Please read the reading)

    8
    Evaporation III

    9
    Recovery Furnace

    Concentrated black liquor is burned in a


    recovery furnace. The functions of the recovery
    furnace are:
    Remove remaining water from black liquor.
    Burn the black liquor organic compounds
    - Solves disposal issues.
    - Produces steam (for heating and energy).
    Reduce sulfur species to sulfide.
    Generate Na2CO3 which will later be converted to
    NaOH
    10
    Recovery Furnace III

    System for recovery


    of heat to generate power

    (A)
    Combustion
    Zone
    Air (C)
    Liquor Air
    (B) Gasses from Pyrolysis Air Reduction
    Zone (D)
    Smelt (molten Na2CO3, Na2S, etc)
    Notes
    11
    Recovery Furnace IV

    Liquor is sprayed
    to char bed (droplet
    size 2-3mm)
    Particles should be
    dry before landing
    the char bed
    Char is required in
    bed for effective
    reduction of
    sulfates

    12
    Reduction of Inorganics

    Formation of sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)


    Combustion of organics results in the formation of
    CO2 and CO. Sodium compounds are converted into
    Na2O.
    Na2O + CO2 Na2CO3
    Na2S + H2O + CO2 Na2CO3 + H2S
    Reductive reactions in the char results in the
    formation of sodium sulfide (Na2S)
    Na2SO4 + 2C Na2S + 2CO2
    Na2SO4 + 4C Na2S + 4CO
    13
    Smelt

    The molten inorganics at the bottom of the


    recovery furnace are known as the smelt. This
    material at 1500F leaves the furnace and is added
    to water in the smelt tank.
    This results in the formation of green liquor
    This is also a dangerous operation. The extremely hot
    smelt causes the water to instantly vaporize in a violent
    reaction.
    Green liquor composition: NaOH (8%), Na2S (20%),
    Na2CO3 (60%), Na2SO3 ( 3%), Na2SO4 (6%), Na2S2O3 (3%).
    14
    Caustizing

    Caustizing is the process in which sodium


    carbonate is converted into sodium
    hydroxide.
    In the first step, green liquor is clarified to
    remove insoluble materials.
    Calcium compounds
    Unburned carbon
    Metals
    Clarified green liquor is sent to a slaker
    where lime (CaO/Ca(OH)2) is added .
    15
    Slaker (Causticizing)
    Chemistry
    Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) has extremely low
    solubility in water while sodium carbonate (Na2CO3)
    has fairly high solubility. When lime (CaO) is added to
    a Na2CO3 solution, the following reaction occurs:
    (important to note that CaO + H2O Ca(OH)2 this is the slaking
    reaction).
    Ca(OH)2 + Na2CO3 CaCO3 + 2 NaOH
    The calcium carbonate precipitates out of solution driving the
    reaction to the right side of the above equation thus forming
    sodium hydroxide.
    Calcium carbonate is removed through clarification forming
    white liquor. This step completes the circle as the white liquor is
    returned to the digester for pulping.

    16
    Lime Kiln

    The wet calcium carbonate slurry is treated in


    a lime kiln.
    This is a very long, refractory brick lined, slightly
    tilted, rotating tube which is extremely hot (1500 to
    2100F).
    The calcium carbonate slurry is dried in the first
    section of the kiln and then the calcium carbonate is
    converted to CaO: CaCO3 + heat CaO + CO2

    17
    Black versus green liquor

    18

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