Introduction

CS 515
Mobile and Wireless Networking
Ibrahim Korpeoglu
Computer Engineering Department
Bilkent University, Ankara

CS 515 Ibrahim Korpeoglu 1

Outline

Course Info
Introduction
What is Wireless
What is PCS
History of Wireless
Some Mobile Statistics

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 Course Information

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Course Details

Instructor: Ibrahim Korpeoglu

Email:[email protected]
Class Hours:
Wed 15:40-16:30
Fri: 13:40-15:30
Office Hours
Thu 10:40-12:00
Classroom: EA 502
(You can also come to my office at any time if you need to see me)

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Recommended Textbooks

Theodore Rappaport, Wireless

Communications: Principles and Practice,
Second Edition, Prentice Hall, December
2001.
Yi-Bing Lin, Imrich Chlamtac, Wireless and
Mobile Network Architectures, John Wiles
& Sohns, 1st edition, 2000.
You dont have to buy these books. But I recommend
buying them if you have the opportunity!

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Reading List

You will read a lot of papers in this course

The papers are on the course web page
You can download them from there.
If a paper is not there, let me know.
I will put the paper on my door if there is no online
copy of the paper
The paper-list size on the webpage will be
reduced, so that you dont spend all of your
time only on this course.

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Grading

There will be one midterm and one final exam

There may be projects. I did not determine
them yet.
Simulation or implementation projects
No idea how hard they will be!
No idea which language(s) they will be
implemented on!
Attendance is important!

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Why projects are important?

I hear and I forget, I see and I remember, I do

and I understand
Confucius

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Outline

Introduction
What is wireless and mobile networking
History of Wireless
Challenges of Mobile and Wireless
Communication and Networking
What is Personal Communications Systems
Why there is demand on that
What is ubiquitous computing.
Overview of Wireless Technologies and Systems

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Outline

Wireless Link Characteristics

Radio Propagation
Short and Long wave properties
Attenuation
Interfence
Fading and Multi-path Fading
Transmit power and range
Bit Error Rate and Models

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Outline

Wireless Media Access

What is different in Wireless Media than Wireline
Media
Why CSMA/CD does not work
MACA and MACAW protocols
TDMA and FDMA
CDMA

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Outline

Handoff
More from telecom point view
How handoffs are triggered
How handoffs are managed
Routing
more from data networking point of view
How mobility affect routing for mobile hosts
Mobile IP

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Outline

Transport Protocols over Wireless and Mobile

Networks
How does wireless links and mobile hosts affect the
performance and operation of transport protocols
Look specifically to TCP
There are many proposals to improve the performance
of TCP over wireless links and for mobile hosts

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Outline

Ad-Hoc Mobile Networks

What if the mobile hosts are not roaming around an
infrastructure-based network
Ad-hoc networks are established spontaneounly
There is no infrastructure that you can rely on
A mobile terminal may also act as an network router
Routing protocols for ad-hoc networks
Network connectivity graph is not fixed; dynamically
changes over time
The network elements are small-capacity, battery-powered
devices

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Outline

Looking closely to the wireless systems

Wireless Local Area Networks
802.11 and HiperLAN Standards
Wireless Personal Area Networks and Home
Networking
Bluetooth and HomeRF
Wide-Area Wireless Cellular Networks
GSM
CDMA
GPRS
3G Networks

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Outline

Wireless and Mobile Applications

Wireless Application Protocol
Mobile Applications
Mobile Databases
Quality of Service in Mobile/Wireless
Networks
What are the challenges for providing QoS in mobile and
wireless environments

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Outline

Service and Device Discover in Mobile

Networks
How can you discover the resources around you
Service Location Protocol
Jini
Power Management
How low-power objective affect the design of wireless
systems and network protocols
Issues and solutions

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Outline

Introduction to Peer2peer networking

What is peer2peer networking
Why client-server computing is not enough always
Centralized, distributed and hybrid peer2peer
systems
Wrap up and Conclusions

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 What is Wireless and
Mobile Communication?

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Wireless Communication

Transmitting voice and data using

electromagnetic waves in open space
Electromagnetic waves
Travel at speed of light (c = 3x108 m/s)
Has a frequency (f) and wavelength (l)
c=fxl
Higher frequency means higher energy photons
The higher the energy photon the more penetrating is
the radiation

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Electromagnetic Spectrum
104 102 100 10-2 10-4 10-6 10-8 10-10 10-12 10-14 10-16

Radio Micro Cosmic

IR UV X-Rays
Spectrum wave Rays

104 106 108 1010 1012 1014 1016 1018 1020 1022 1024
1MHz ==100m
100MHz ==1m
10GHz ==1cm
Visible light < 30 KHz VLF
30-300KHz LF
300KHz 3MHz MF
3 MHz 30MHz HF
30MHz 300MHz VHF
300 MHz 3GHz UHF
3-30GHz SHF
> 30 GHz EHF

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Wavelength of Some Technologies

GSM Phones:
frequency ~= 900 Mhz
wavelength ~= 33cm
PCS Phones
frequency ~= 1.8 Ghz
wavelength ~= 17.5 cm
Bluetooth:
frequency ~= 2.4Gz
wavelength ~= 12.5cm

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Frequency Carries/Channels

The information from sender to receiver is carrier

over a well defined frequency band.
This is called a channel
Each channel has a fixed frequency bandwidth (in
KHz) and Capacity (bit-rate)
Different frequency bands (channels) can be used
to transmit information in parallel and
independently.

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Example
Assume a spectrum of 90KHz is allocated over a base
frequency b for communication between stations A and B
Assume each channel occupies 30KHz.
There are 3 channels
Each channel is simplex (Transmission occurs in one way)
For full duplex communication:
Use two different channels (front and reverse channels)
Use time division in a channel

Channel 1 (b - b+30)
Station A Channel 2 (b+30 - b+60) Station B
Channel 3 (b+60 - b+90)

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Homework 1

Read and digest the following papers!

M. Weiser, The Computer for the Twenty-First
Century, Scientific American, Vol. 265, No. 3,
(September 1991), pp. 94-104.
D. Cox, Wireless Personal Communications:
What is It?, IEEE Personal Communications
Magazine, (April 1995), pp. 20-35.

These papers are on the course webpage!

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Simplex Communication

Normally, on a channel, a station can transmit

only in one way.
This is called simplex transmision
To enable two-way communication (called
full-duplex communication)
We can use Frequency Division Multiplexing
We can use Time Division Multiplexing

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Duplex Communication - FDD

FDD: Frequency Division Duplex

Mobile Forward Channel Base Station

Terminal B
Reverse Channel
M

Forward Channel and Reverse Channel use different frequency

bands

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Duplex Communication - TDD

TDD: Time Division Duplex

Mobile Base Station

Terminal M B M B M B
B
M

A singe frequency channel is used. The channel is divided into time

slots. Mobile station and base station transmits on the time slots
alternately.

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Example - Frequency Spectrum Allocation
in U.S. Cellular Radio Service
Reverse Channel Forward Channel

991 992 1023 1 2 799 991 992 1023 1 2 799

824-849 MHz 869-894 MHz

Channel Number Center Frequency (MHz)

Reverse Channel 1 <=N <= 799 0.030N + 825.0
991 <= N <= 1023 0.030(N-1023) + 825.0

Forward Channel 1 <=N <= 799 0.030N + 870.0

991 <= N <= 1023 0.030(N-1023) + 870.0
(Channels 800-990 are unused)
Channel bandwidth is 45 MHz

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What is Mobility

Initially Internet and Telephone Networks is

designed assuming the user terminals are
static
No change of location during a call/connection
A user terminals accesses the network always from a
fixed location
Mobility and portability
Portability means changing point of attachment to
the network offline
Mobility means changing point of attachment to
the network online

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Degrees of Mobility

Walking Users
Low speed
Small roaming area
Usually uses high-bandwith/low-latency access

Vehicles
High speeds
Large roaming area
Usually uses low-bandwidth/high-latency access
Uses sophisticated terminal equipment (cell phones)

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The Need for Wireless/Mobile
Networking
Demand for Ubiquitous Computing
Anywhere, anytime computing and
communication
You dont have to go to the lab to check your email
Pushing the computers more into background
Focus on the task and life, not on the computer
Use computers seamlessly to help you and to make
your life more easier.
Computers should be location aware
Adapt to the current location, discover services

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Some Example Applications of
Ubiquitous Computing
You walk into your office and your computer
automatically authenticates you through your
active badge and logs you into the Unix
system
You go to a foreign building and your PDA
automatically discovers the closest public
printer where you can print your schedule
and give to your friend

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More Examples

You walk into a Conference room or a shopping Mall

with your PDA and your PDA is smart enough to
collect and filter the public profiles of other people
that are passing nearby
Of course other people should also have smart PDAs.
The cows in a village are equipped with GPS and
GPRS devices and they are monitored from a
central location on a digital map.
No need for a person to guide and feed them
You can find countless examples

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How to realize Ubiquitous Computing

Small and different size computing and

communication devices
Tabs, pads, boards
PDAs, Handhelds, Laptops, Cell-phones
A communication network to support this
Anywhere, anytime access
Seamless, wireless and mobile access
Need for Personal Communication Services (PCS)
Ubiquitous Applications
New software

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 What is PCS
Personal Communication
Services

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What is PCS

Personal Communication Services

A wide variety of network services that includes
wireless access and personal mobility services
Provided through a small terminal
Enables communication at any time, at any place,
and in any form.
The market for such services is tremendously
big
Think of cell-phone market

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Several PCS systems

High-tier Systems
GSM: Global System for Mobile Communications
The mobile telephony system that we are using
IS-136
USA digital cellular mobile telephony system
TDMA based multiple access
Personal Digital Cellular
IS-95 cdmaOne System
CDMA based multiple access

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Several PCS systems

Low-tier systems
Residential, business and public cordless access
applications and systems
Cordless Telephone 2 (CT2)
Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephone (DECT)
Personal Access Communication Systems (PACS)
Personal Handy Telephone System (PHS)

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Several PCS systems

Wideband wireless systems

For Internet access and multimedia transfer
Cdma2000
W-CDMA, proposed by Europe
SCDMA, proposed by Chine/Europe

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Several PCS systems

Other PCS Systems

Special data systems
CDPD: Cellular Digital Packet Data
RAM Mobile Data
Advanced Radio Data Information System (ARDIS)
Paging Systems
Mobile Satellite Systems
LEO, MEO, HEO satellites for data/voice
ISM band systems: Bluetooth, 802.11, etc.

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PCS Problems

How to integrate mobile and wireless users to

the Public Switched Telephone Network
(PSTN) (Voice Network)
Cellular mobile telephony system
How to integrate mobile and wireless users to
the Internet (Data Network)
Mobile IP, DHCP, Cellular IP
How to integrate all of them together and also
add multimedia services (3G Systems)

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Looking to PCS from different
Angles
PSTN Internet
(Telephone Network)

Wireless Access

Mobile Users
Mobile Users
-Laptop users
-Cell phone users
-Pocket PC users
-Cordless phone users
-Mobile IP, DHCP enabled
computers
Telecom People View Data Networking People View

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What does this course cover?

This course will cover the problems/solutions

in the telecommunication domain and also in
the data networking domain
Mobile IP (data)
TCP over Wireless (data)
GSM, GPRS, CDMA (telecom)
We will also cover some fundamental
problems/solutions for wireless access
Wireless channel characteristics
Recovering from errors
Wireless media access

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Telecom and Data Networking

Telecom Interest Data Networking Interest

- Voice Transmission
- Frequency Reuse -Data Transmission
-Radio Propagation -Mobile IP (integrating
- Handoff
-Link Characteristics mobile hosts to
Management
-Error Models internet)
-Location Tracking
-Wireless Medium -Ad-hoc Networks
-Roaming
Access (MAC) -TCP over Wireless
-QoS
- Error Control -Service Discovery
-GSM, CDMA,
Cordless Phones,
-GPRS, EDGE

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Very Basic Cellular/PCS Architecture

Mobility
Public Switched Database
Base Station
Telephone Network Controller

Mobile
Switching
Center
(MSC)

Radio Network

Base Station
(BS) Mobile Station

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Wireless System Definitions

Mobile Station
A station in the cellular radio service intended for use while
in motion at unspecified locations. They can be either hand-
held personal units (portables) or installed on vehicles
(mobiles)
Base station
A fixed station in a mobile radio system used for radio
communication with the mobile stations. Base stations are
located at the center or edge of a coverage region. They
consists of radio channels and transmitter and receiver
antennas mounted on top of a tower.

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Wireless System Definitions

Mobile Switching Center

Switching center which coordinates the routing of calls in a
large service area. In a cellular radio system, the MSC
connections the cellular base stations and the mobiles to
the PSTN (telephone network). It is also called Mobile
Telephone Switching Office (MTSO)
Subscriber
A user who pays subscription charges for using a mobile
communication system
Transceiver
A device capable of simultaneously transmitting and
receiving radio signals

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Wireless System Definitions

Control Channel
Radio channel used for transmission of call setup, call
request, call initiation and other beacon and control
purposes.
Forward Channel
Radio channel used for transmission of information from
the base station to the mobile
Reverse Channel
Radio channel used for transmission of information from
mobile to base station

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Wireless System Definitions

Simplex Systems
Communication systems which provide only one-way
communication
Half Duplex Systems
Communication Systems which allow two-way
communication by using the same radio channel for both
transmission and reception. At any given time, the user can
either transmit or receive information.
Full Duplex Systems
Communication systems which allow simultaneous two-way
communication. Transmission and reception is typically on
two different channels (FDD).

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Wireless System Definitions

Handoff
The process of transferring a mobile station from one
channel or base station to an other.
Roamer
A mobile station which operates in a service area (market)
other than that from which service has been subscribed.
Page
A brief message which is broadcast over the entire service
area, usually in simulcast fashion by many base stations at
the same time.

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PCS Systems Classification

Cordless Telephones
Cellular Telephony (High-tier)
Wide Area Wireless Data Systems (High-tier)
High Speed Local and Personal Area
Networks
Paging Messaging Systems
Satellite Based Mobile Systems
3G Systems

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 Major Mobile Radio Standards
USA
Standard Type Year Multiple Frequency Modulation Channel
Intro Access Band BW
(MHz) (KHz)
AMPS Cellular 1983 FDMA 824-894 FM 30

USDC Cellular 1991 TDMA 824-894 DQPSK 30

CDPD Cellular 1993 FH/Packet 824-894 GMSK 30

IS-95 Cellular/PCS 1993 CDMA 824-894 QPSK/BPSK 1250

1800-2000
FLEX Paging 1993 Simplex Several 4-FSK 15

DCS-1900 PCS 1994 TDMA 1850-1990 GMSK 200

(GSM)
PACS Cordless/PCS 1994 TDMA/FDMA 1850-1990 DQPSK 300

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 Major Mobile Radio Standards -
Europe
Standard Type Year Multiple Frequency Modulation Channel
Intro Access Band BW
(MHz) (KHz)
ETACS Cellular 1985 FDMA 900 FM 25

NMT-900 Cellular 1986 FDMA 890-960 FM 12.5

GSM Cellular/PCS 1990 TDMA 890-960 GMSK 200KHz

C-450 Cellular 1985 FDMA 450-465 FM 20-10

ERMES Paging 1993 FDMA4 Several 4-FSK 25

CT2 Cordless 1989 FDMA 864-868 GFSK 100

DECT Cordless 1993 TDMA 1880-1900 GFSK 1728

DCS-1800 Cordless/PCS 1993 TDMA 1710-1880 GMSK 200

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Cordless Telephones

PSTN
Telephone
Network
Cordless Base unit
Phone

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Cordless Telephones

Characterized by
Low mobility (in terms of range and speed)
Low power consumption
Two-way tetherless (wireless) voice communication
High circuit quality
Low cost equipment, small form factor and long talk-time
No handoffs between base units
Appeared as analog devices
Digital devices appeared later with CT2, DECT
standards in Europe and ISM band technologies in
USA

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Cordless Telephones

Usage
At homes
At public places where cordless phone base units
are available
Design Choices
Few users per MHz
Few users per base unit
Many base units are connected to only one handset
Large number of base units per usage area
Short transmission range

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Cordless Phone

Some more features

32 Kb/s adaptive differential pulse code
modulation (ADPCM) digital speech encoding
Tx power <= 10 mW
Low-complexity radio signal processing
No forward error correction (FEC) or whatsoever.
Low transmission delay < 50ms
Simple Frequency Shift Modulation (FSK)
Time Division Duplex (TDD)

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Cellular Telephony

Characterized by
High mobility provision
Wide-range
Two-way tetherless voice communication
Handoff and roaming support
Integrated with sophisticated public switched
telephone network (PSTN)
High transmit power requires at the handsets
(~2W)

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Cellular Telephony - Architecture

Radio tower

PSTN
Telephone
Network
Mobile Switching
Center

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Cellular Telephony Systems

Mobile users and handsets

Very complex circuitry and design
Base stations
Provides gateway functionality between wireless
and wireline links
~1 million dollar
Mobile switching centers
Connect cellular system to the terrestrial
telephone network

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World Cellular Subscriber Growth

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Mobile Systems Market

Ericsson sells half of the mobile base stations

1 base station ~ 100 thousand - 1 million dollar
Nokia has the biggest market in cell-phones
1 cell-phone ~ 100 dollar

Nokia has to sell 10,000 cell-phones to match

the revenue Ericsson obtains from selling just
one base-station!

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Cellular Networks
First Generation
Analog Systems
Analog Modulation, mostly FM
AMPS
Voice Traffic
FDMA/FDD multiple access
Second Generation (2G)
Digital Systems
Digital Modulation
Voice Traffic
TDMA/FDD and CDMA/FDD multiple access
2.5G
Digital Systems
Voice + Low-datarate Data
Third Generation
Digital
Voice + High-datarate Data
Multimedia Transmission also

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 2G Technologies
cdmaOne (IS-95) GSM, DCS-1900 IS-54/IS-136
PDC
Uplink Frequencies (MHz) 824-849 (Cellular) 890-915 MHz (Eurpe) 800 MHz, 1500 Mhz
1850-1910 (US PCS) 1850-1910 (US PCS) (Japan)
1850-1910 (US PCS)
Downlink Frequencies 869-894 MHz (US Cellular) 935-960 (Europa) 869-894 MHz (Cellular)
1930-1990 MHz (US PCS) 1930-1990 (US PCS) 1930-1990 (US PCS)
800 MHz, 1500 MHz
(Japan)
Deplexing FDD FDD FDD
Multiple Access CDMA TDMA TDMA
Modulation BPSK with Quadrature GMSK with BT=0.3 p/4 DQPSK
Spreading
Carrier Seperation 1.25 MHz 200 KHz 30 KHz (IS-136)
(25 KHz PDC)
Channel Data Rate 1.2288 Mchips/sec 270.833 Kbps 48.6 Kbps (IS-136)
42 Kbps (PDC)
Voice Channels per 64 8 3
carrier
Speech Coding CELP at 13Kbps RPE-LTP at 13 Kbps VSELP at 7.95 Kbps
EVRC at 8Kbps

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2G and Data

2G is developed for voice communications

You can send data over 2G channels by
using modem
Provides adat rates in the order of ~9.6 Kbps
Increased data rates are requires for internet
application
This requires evolution towards new systems:
2.5 G

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2.5 Technologies

Evolution of TDMA Systems

HSCSD for 2.5G GSM
Up to 57.6 Kbps data-rate
GPRS for GSM and IS-136
Up to 171.2 Kbps data-rate
EDGE for 2.5G GSM and IS-136
Up to 384 Kbps data-rate

Evolution of CDMA Systems

IS-95B
Up to 64 Kbps

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3G Systems

Goals
Voice and Data Transmission
Simultanous voice and data access
Multi-megabit Internet access
Interactive web sessions
Voice-activated calls
Multimedia Content
Live music

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3G Systems

Evolution of Systems
CDMA sysystem evaolved to CDMA2000
CDMA2000-1xRTT: Upto 307 Kbps
CDMA2000-1xEV:
CDMA2000-1xEVDO: upto 2.4 Mbps
CDMA2000-1xEVDV: 144 Kbps datarate
GSM, IS-136 and PDC evolved to W-CDMA (Wideband
CDMA) (also called UMTS)
Up to 2.048 Mbps data-rates
Future systems 8Mbps
Expected to be fully deployed by 2010-2015
New spectrum is allocated for these technologies

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 Interest to 3G Applications
Western Eastern USA
Europe Europe
Emails 4.5 4.7 4.3
City maps/directions 4.3 4.2 4.2
Latest news 4.0 4.4 4.0
Authorize/enable payment 3.4 3.8 3.0
Banking/trading online 3.5 3.4 3.2
Downloading music 3.1 3.4 3.2
Shopping/reservation 3.0 3.1 2.9
Animated images 2.4 2.7 2.6
Chat rooms, forums 2.3 2.9 2.2
Interactive games 2.0 2.2 2.4
Games for money 1.8 1.8 1.8

(Means based upon a six-point interest scale, where 6 indicates high interest and 1 indicates low interest.)

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Upgrade Paths for 2G Technologies
2G
IS-136
IS-95 GSM
PDC

2.5G
GPRS
IS-95B HSCSD
EDGE

3G
cdma200-1xRTT
W-CDMA
EDGE
cdma2000-1xEV,DV,DO
TD-SCDMA
cdma200-3xRTT

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GSM Subscriber Growth

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CDMA Subscriber Growth

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CDMA2000 Subscriber Growth

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GSM and CDMA Coverage Map
Worldwide

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GSM Networks in Turkey

Network System GPRS HSCSD Frequency

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Aria GSM Live (March 2002) no 1800
Aycell GSM no no 1800
Telsim GSM Live (Aug. 2000) no 900
Turkcell GSM Live (March 2001) soon 900

Number of Subscribers (Nov 2001)

Turkcell: 6,800,900
Telsim: 2,800,000

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Coverage Map - Turkcell

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Coverage Map - Telsim

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Coverage Map - Aria

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Coverage Map - Aycell

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Mobile Phone Market Share

1st Quarter of 2002

Nokia 34.7%
Motorola 15.5%
Samsung 9.6%
Siemens 8.8%
Sony-Ericsson 6.4%

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Some Mobile Statistics June 2002

Total Global Mobile Users: GSM Countries on Air: 171

860m #1 Mobile Country: China
Total Analog Users: 71m #1 GSM Country: China
Total US Mobile Users: #1 SMS Country: Phillipines
137.5m #1 Cell Phone Vendor:
Total GSM Users: 669m Nokia
Total TDMA Users: 84m #1 Network in Europa: T-
Total European Users: Mobil
279m #1 Network in Japan:
Global Montly SMSs/User: DoCoMo
36 #1 Telecom Infrastructure
SMS Sent in 2001: 102.9 Company: Ericsson
billion

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