25/01/12

Materi Kuliah GD 3204 Fotogrametri I, Semester II 2011/2012

Chapter 01A : Definitions

Compiled and developed by

Saptomo H Mertotaroeno, Ir, M.Sc.
[email protected]

KK Inderaja dan Sains Informasi Geografis

Fakultas Ilmu dan Teknologi Kebumian
Institut Teknologi Bandung
What is photogrammetry ?
Definitions
Chapter 01A
Photogrammetric Systems
Photogrammetric Applications
Photogrammetric Products
Specific Examples of Professional Photogramme-
tric Services
Problems / Exercises
References
Tugas Kuliah No. 1
 Image Data Acquisition
Information on Image
Image Georeferencing/Restitution
Spatial Data Collection & Mapping
Aerotriangulation
 Image Data
Acquisition
(process of recording Geometry of Image
of physical object)
Data Acquisition

Digital Aerial Camera

(sensor)
 External
Orientation
Parameters
Position &
orientation
parameters of
image in space :
1.Three positions,
2.Three rotations.
 Information on images :
1. Semantic information
2. Metric information
Photographic Image

Image Coordinate System

Processes involved :
1. Process of interpreting.
2. Process of measuring.
Objectives :
1. Recognizing & identifying objects.
2. Locations & positions (image
coordinates).
Relative Locations (shape & size, distances,
angles, height differences, areas, volumes, etc.)
Not referred to a georeferenced coordinate system.
Absolute Positions (coordinates)
Referred to a georeferenced coordinate system.
(Spatial) Topographic Information :
Semantic Information + Absolute Positions.
Maps, Topographic Data Base.
Relation of
image
coordinate
system and
world
coordinate
system

The
collinearity
condition
 Mono image
georeferencing
1. World/space
coordinate of ground
control points,
2. Image coordinate of
ground control points,
3. Camera geometry /
interior orientation /
calibration certificate,
4. Determination of six
external orientation
parameters.
 Mono
spatial data
collection
(extraction)
& mapping
(image coordinates by
measuring/digitizing)
(world coordinates
by computation)
 Aero-triangulasi
Berbasis Berkas
Memperbanyak titik
Berkas kontrol secara
fotogrametrik

SESUDAH

SEBELUM
 Stereo-
model
Formation

Relative
Orientation
Relative
Oriented
Stereo-model
Non-geo-
referenced
stereomodel
 Stereo
Image Geo-
referencing
1. World/space
coordinate of
ground control
points,
2. Model coordinate
of ground control
points,

3. Determination of
seven absolute
orientation
parameters.
1 scale,
3 rotations,
3 translations.
Stereo spatial
data collection
(extraction) &
mapping :
(model coordinates by
measuring/digitizing)
(world coordinates by
computation)
 Definitions
Modern Photogrammetry
The Fundamental Task of Photogrammetry
Digital Photogrammetry
Photogrammetric Generations
Remote sensing is defined as the process of gathering and pro-
cessing information about an object without direct physical con-
tact.

Photogrammetry is that branch of remote sensing which is de-

fined as the art, science, and technology of obtaining reliable
information about physical object and the environment through
the processes of recording, measuring, and interpreting photo-
graphic images, patterns of electromagnetic radiant energy, and
other phenomena. ()

Photogrammetry employs the use of both

interpretative techniques (interpretative photogrammetry), and
mensuration methods (metric photogrammetry). ()
 Portion of Electromagnetic Spectrum
Useful for Imaging

(film sensitivity (solid-state

sensors sensiti-
region) vity, up to 12
m)

(UV region is
seldom used near infrared (NIR)
for P&RS)

10/2/2017 12:49 PM Photography & Imaging, SHM 19

Panchromatic, Natural Color, and Color Infrared Images

Panchromatic

Warna (natural color)

Color infrared
 Metric photogrammetry consists of making precise measure-
ments from photos and other information sources to determine
the relative locations and absolute positions of points.
This enables finding distances, angles, areas, volumes, elevations,
and sizes and shapes of objects; and coordinates.
The most common applications are
the preparation of planimetric and topographic maps from photo-
graphs, and
the production of digital elevation model (DEM) and digital ortho-
photos from scanned/digital photography.
o Photogrammetry becomes the most accurate (geometric and
semantic) and efficient method available for compiling maps
and generating topographic information.
Interpretative photogrammetry deals
principally in recognizing and identifying objects
and judging their significance through careful
and systematic analysis.

With our recognition of the importance of

preserving our environment and natural
resources, interpretative photogrammetry being
employed extensively as tools in management
and planning.
 Definitions (1) Definitions (2)

Remote
Sensing Photogrammetry

Photogrammetry
Remote
Sensing
Metric
Photogrammetry
Interpretative Photo
Photogrammetry Interpretation
Traditional photogrammetry has been defined as the process of
deriving metric information about an object through
measurements made on photographs of the object.
Photo interpretation is defined as the extraction of qualitative
information about the photographed objects by human visual
analysis and evaluation of photographs.
Remote sensing expands upon classical photo interpretation by
employing computer analysis technique in addition to human
visual interpretation, and by applying such techniques to types
of imagery other than photography (multispectral, infrared,
thermal, side-looking airborne radar / SLAR).
Modern photogrammetry covers a considerably wider domain.
Photogrammetry metric exploitation of imagery.
Remote Sensing thematic exploitation of imagery.

Photogrammetry Remote Sensing

Aerial platform Aerial/satellite
Analog or digital sensor Digital sensor
Metric information Thematic information
Visible spectrum Whole spectrum

Metric Aerial/satellite Thematic

information Whole spectrum information

Modern Photogrammetry
 (thermal)

(color infrared)

(multispectral) (SLAR)
With advancements in technology, the profession has expanded
to apply its expertise in interpretation and mensuration of
remotely-sensed data to a wide variety of other sensors.

Other sensors currently used by photogrammeric professionals

include both passive sensors that record specific or multiple
bands of electromagnetic radiant energy (such as digital
cameras and multi-spectral sensors), and active sensors, which
emit and then record the returned electromagnetic energy (such
as lidar and radar).

Sensors maybe attached to vehicles such as vans or boats,

airborne in manned or unmanned aircraft, or satellite based; as
well as earth-based (terrestrial).
 Active Sensor
(LiDAR sensor system)

Passive Sensor
(pinhole camera)
The Fundamental Task of Photogrammetry (1)
The fundamental task of photogrammetry is to rigorously
established the geometric relationship between the image and
the object as it existed at the time of the imaging event.
(Photogrammetric Orientation/Restitution, Images Georeferencing)
Once this relationship is correctly recovered, one can then
derive information about the object strictly from its imagery.
(Spatial Data Collection/Acquisition) ()
This relationship can be established by various means, which
can be broadly classified into two categories :
analog (using optical, mechanical, and electronic components), or
analytical (where the modeling is mathematical and the processing
is digital).
Analog solutions are increasingly being replaced by analytical /
digital solutions. ()
The Fundamental Task of Photogrammetry (2)
(Camera) Photo(s) Ground and/ or Aerial
calibration and/or Control, or minor
data Image(s) control points from AT

Photogrammetric Orientation/Restitution (Images Georeferencing)

1. Determination of the orientation/transformation parameters,
2. Transformation of the image coordinates into ground coordinates.

Spatial Data Collection/Acquisition

(derive information about the object strictly from its imagery)

Photogrammetric
products

The keywords for photogrammetric restitution is similarity

10/2/2017 12:49 PM Photogrammetric Stereo Restitution, SHM 30
(Analog Photogrammetric Instrument)

(Analytical Photogrammetric Instrument)

(Digital Photogrammetric Instrument)

The availability of imagery in digital form, along with the
processing increasingly done on digital computers, opens up
many possibilities for adaptations of techniques from other
disciplines.

The first of these is image processing, where the processing is

performed on the digital image by a computer.

A second related discipline is pattern recognition, computer

analysis of images that results in automatic extraction of salient
patterns from the images and the recognition of the patterns by
comparison to an externally available typical pattern set in
dictionary.
 Photogrammetric Generations
While digital photogram-
metry has its roots in the
(digital imagery)
1950s, major research ac-
tivities only began in the
(mathematical data processing)
1980s, sparked by signifi-
cance advances in electro-
nics and computers, such
as digital cameras, parallel
processing, and increased
(stereophotogrammetry, storage capacity.
aerial surveying)
Several digital photo-
grammetry products :
softcopy workstations,
automatic DEM software,
(terrestrial & balloon photogrammetry) digital orthophoto
(just to mention a few)

(1839)

10/2/2017 12:49 PM Definitions, SHM 33

 Materi Kuliah GD 3204 Fotogrametri I, Semester II 2011/2012

End of Chapter 01A, to be continued to Chapter 01B

Compiled and developed by

Saptomo H Mertotaroeno, Ir, M.Sc.
[email protected]

KK Inderaja dan Sains Informasi Geografis

Fakultas Ilmu dan Teknologi Kebumian
Institut Teknologi Bandung
25/01/12