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Chapter 3 - Static Performance Characterstics

The document discusses various static performance characteristics of instruments: 1. Accuracy, precision, resolution, threshold, and static sensitivity are defined as key static parameters. Static sensitivity determines the ratio of output signal to input signal. 2. Linearity, range, span, hysteresis, drift, and impedance loading are also discussed. Linearity describes any deviation from ideal linear response. Hysteresis causes errors from approaching the input from different directions. Drift varies the output even at zero input over time. Impedance loading extracts energy and can change the measured value. 3. Errors are classified as systematic, random, or miscellaneous. Uncertainties come from systematic errors and are estimated internally or externally.

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Ray Debashish
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295 views29 pages

Chapter 3 - Static Performance Characterstics

The document discusses various static performance characteristics of instruments: 1. Accuracy, precision, resolution, threshold, and static sensitivity are defined as key static parameters. Static sensitivity determines the ratio of output signal to input signal. 2. Linearity, range, span, hysteresis, drift, and impedance loading are also discussed. Linearity describes any deviation from ideal linear response. Hysteresis causes errors from approaching the input from different directions. Drift varies the output even at zero input over time. Impedance loading extracts energy and can change the measured value. 3. Errors are classified as systematic, random, or miscellaneous. Uncertainties come from systematic errors and are estimated internally or externally.

Uploaded by

Ray Debashish
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter -3

Static Performance Characteristics of


Instruments
Introduction

Detailed specifications of the functional characteristics of any instrument are


termd as performance characteristics

Classification as
a) Static: Desired input to instrument constant or vary slowly
eg: accuracy, precision, resolution etc.
b) Dynamic: Desired input varies rapidly
eg: frequency response, approximation function etc.
Errors & uncertainties in performance parameters
Some salient PPs are periodically checked by means of a static calibration

Imposing constant value of known inputs and observing the resulting outputs

Difficult to obtain constant values of I/P qty because-


a). Change in sensitivity of instrument (assignable)
b). Scatter in O/P values (random)
No measurement can be made with perfect accuracy & precision

Error needs to be tracked or it can make experimental data unreliable


Types of errors
Difference measured and true value (as per standard)
Types of errors
a). Systematic or cumulative errors
Instrument errors
Caused by - environmental errors
loading errors

b). Accidental or random errors


Caused by- Presence of certain system defects- large tolerances or friction etc.
Effect of unrestrained & randomly varying parameter voltage fluctuation, vibrations etc.
Inconsistencies associated with accurate measurement of small quantities

C). Miscellaneous type of gross errors


Caused by - Personnel or human errors
Errors due to faculty components / adjustment
Improper application of the instrument
Types of uncertainties

Systematic errors in measurement can be eliminated


introducing suitable correction factor during calibration.
Random errors constitute chief source of uncertainty in
experiments.
These errors follow Gaussian or Normal distribution
Types
a) External estimate of uncertainty UE
b) Internal estimate of uncertainty UI
Estimate of type of errors:

Ue is estimated on the basis of knowledge of experiment , the


limitation of apparatus, the instrument manufacturers literature
etc.
or by resolution.
Ui is inherent in the data itself and is estimated by sampling.
Represented by internal standard error=Sigma/n
Any experiment is considered consistent if the external &
internal estimate of uncertainty are of similar magnitude.
Propagation of uncertainties in compound quantities

Many different measurement to determine a certain parameter.


Eq. F requires measurement of m and a.
Aim is to estimate combined effect of uncertainly in m & a.
Internal estimate of uncertainty
Problem 2.1
There are n students in a class and each one performs
individually a typical simple experiment and determines the
mean value of the coefficient of static friction between two
given surfaces by repeating each measurement m times. If the
estimated error of each student is of the order of standard
deviation in his data, determine the best estimate of the
coefficient of static friction and the internal estimate of the
uncertainty on the basis of the results of all the students.
Static Performance Parameter
1. Accuracy
2. Precision
3. Resolution(or discrimination): Smallest increment in the measured
value that can be detected with certainty by the instrument.
4. Threshold: It is defined as the minimum value of input below which
no output can be detected.
5. Static Sensitivity(or scale factor): Determined from results of static
calibration. It is the ratio of the magnitude of response (o/p signal)
to the magnitude of quantity being measured.
K=change in o/p signal / change in I/p signal=q(o)/q(i)
Static sensitivity with linear & non linear
instruments

Reciprocal of k is inverse sensitivity or deflection factor.


Linearity
Linearity cant be completely achieved. Any deviation from the ideal is
termed as linearity error.
In commercial instruments, the maximum departure from linearity often
specified as
a)Independent of i/p:

The higher value of maximum deviation on the +ve & -ve side
Continued
b)Proportional to i/p

Higher value of the % change in the slope w.r.t idealized line.


Continued
c)Combined independent & proportional to the i/p

Non linearity is stated as y% of full scale or x% of the input value,


whichever is greater.
Range & Span

Specified by the lower & upper limits in which it is desired to


operate for measuring, indicating or recording the measured
variable.
Algebraic difference between the two is termed as span of the
instrument.
Can be unidirectional or bidirectional.
Over range is maximum value of measure and that can be
applied to the instrument without causing perceptible change in
its operating characteristic.
Hysteresis

Magnitude of error in the o/p for given value of 1/p, when this
value is approached from opposite directions i.e. from
ascending order & then descending order.
Caused by backlash, elastic deformation, magnetic
characteristic, frictional effects.
Stiction comes into play when two dry solid surfaces move
against each other. It is the force or torque necessary to initiate
motion of the instrument.
After stiction, dynamic friction comes into play leading to curve.
(q) mean= {(q) + (q)}/2
Dead band: Largest change in measure and to which instrument
does not respond. It includes hysteresis losses and threshold as
well.

Backlash: Maximum or angle through any part of the mechanical


system may be moved in one direction without causing motion of
the next part.

Drift: Variation of O/P for a given I/P caused due to change in the
sensitivity of the instrument, caused by interfering I/Ps such as
temperature instabilities, component liabilities etc.
Drift in strain gauges
Ambient temperature change resistance changes bridge circuit becomes
unbalanced- O/P is there even at zero strain this is zero drift of the
instrument
This resistance change also affects sensitivity or the scale factor of the
instrument - changing slope of the curve- total error because of zero drift
and sensitivity drift
Thus it is advised to switch on the electronic instrument at least half hour
before commencement of the experiment ensuring steady temperature
Problem
Solution
Impedence loading and matching
Measurement instrument with I/P signal source will extract some energy
which might change the value of measured variable
It is called loading
Can never be zero
This is why thermocouple bead is made as small as possible
Same phenomenon is observed in previous problem
Loading when applied to a general electrical circuit is termed as impedence
loading
Example of Impedence loading
Transducer element has internal
impedence Zi and E is voltage developed
in the transducer which is an open circuit
voltage
Recording element is connected in series
having input impedence Z
The voltage recorded across points A and
B would be .
In practice Z >> Zi
This is observed in Vaccum tube
voltmeter, which has high internal
resistance of order of 10M
Problem page 52
Solution

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