Scribd
Upload
173 views38 pages

Cardiovascular System The Heart

The document summarizes the cardiovascular system and heart. It describes the heart's location, layers, chambers, valves, conduction system, blood flow, and regulation. The heart generates blood pressure, routes blood through two circulations, ensures one-way flow, and regulates blood supply to match needs. Key factors discussed include cardiac cycle, heart sounds, blood pressure regulation through cardiac output and peripheral resistance, and homeostasis through baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes.

Uploaded by

eliseudesafate
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
173 views38 pages

Cardiovascular System The Heart

The document summarizes the cardiovascular system and heart. It describes the heart's location, layers, chambers, valves, conduction system, blood flow, and regulation. The heart generates blood pressure, routes blood through two circulations, ensures one-way flow, and regulates blood supply to match needs. Key factors discussed include cardiac cycle, heart sounds, blood pressure regulation through cardiac output and peripheral resistance, and homeostasis through baroreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes.

Uploaded by

eliseudesafate
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 38

Cardiovascular System

The Heart

20-1
Functions of the Heart
• Generating blood pressure
• Routing blood
– Heart separates pulmonary and systemic
circulations
• Ensuring one-way blood flow
– Heart valves ensure one-way flow
• Regulating blood supply
– Changes in contraction rate and force match
blood delivery to changing metabolic needs

20-2
Size, Shape, Location
of the Heart
• Size of a closed fist
• Shape
– Apex: Blunt rounded
point of cone
– Base: Flat part at
opposite of end of cone
• Located in thoracic
cavity in mediastinum

20-3
Heart Cross Section

20-4
Pericardium

20-5
Heart Wall

• Three layers of tissue


– Epicardium: This serous membrane of smooth
outer surface of heart
– Myocardium: Middle layer composed of
cardiac muscle cell and responsibility for heart
contracting
– Endocardium: Smooth inner surface of heart
chambers

20-6
Heart Wall

20-7
External Anatomy
• Four chambers
– 2 atria
– 2 ventricles
• Auricles
• Major veins
– Superior vena cava
– Pulmonary veins
• Major arteries
– Aorta
– Pulmonary trunk
20-8
External Anatomy

20-9
Coronary Circulation

20-10
Heart Valves

• Atrioventricular
– Tricuspid
– Bicuspid or mitral
• Semilunar
– Aortic
– Pulmonary
• Prevent blood from
flowing back

20-11
Heart Valves

20-12
Function of the Heart Valves

20-13
Blood Flow Through Heart

20-14
Systemic and Pulmonary
Circulation

20-15
Heart Skeleton
• Consists of plate of
fibrous connective tissue
between atria and
ventricles
• Fibrous rings around
valves to support
• Serves as electrical
insulation between atria
and ventricles
• Provides site for muscle
attachment

20-16
Cardiac Muscle

• Elongated, branching cells containing 1-2 centrally located nuclei


• Contains actin and myosin myofilaments
• Intercalated disks: Specialized cell-cell contacts
• Desmosomes hold cells together and gap junctions allow action potentials
• Electrically, cardiac muscle behaves as single unit 20-17
Conducting System of Heart

20-18
Electrical Properties

• Resting membrane potential (RMP) present


• Action potentials
– Rapid depolarization followed by rapid, partial
early repolarization. Prolonged period of slow
repolarization which is plateau phase and a
rapid final repolarization phase
– Voltage-gated channels

20-19
Action Potentials in
Skeletal and Cardiac Muscle

20-20
SA Node Action Potential

20-21
Refractory Period

• Absolute: Cardiac muscle cell completely


insensitive to further stimulation
• Relative: Cell exhibits reduced sensitivity to
additional stimulation
• Long refractory period prevents tetanic
contractions

20-22
Electrocardiogram
• Action potentials through
myocardium during
cardiac cycle produces
electric currents than can
be measured
• Pattern
– P wave
• Atria depolarization
– QRS complex
• Ventricle depolarization
• Atria repolarization
– T wave:
• Ventricle repolarization
20-23
Cardiac Arrhythmias
• Tachycardia: Heart rate in excess of 100bpm
• Bradycardia: Heart rate less than 60 bpm
• Sinus arrhythmia: Heart rate varies 5%
during respiratory cycle and up to 30%
during deep respiration
• Premature atrial contractions: Occasional
shortened intervals between one contraction
and succeeding, frequently occurs in healthy
people
20-24
Alterations in Electrocardiogram

20-25
Cardiac Cycle

• Heart is two pumps that work together, right


and left half
• Repetitive contraction (systole) and
relaxation (diastole) of heart chambers
• Blood moves through circulatory system
from areas of higher to lower pressure.
– Contraction of heart produces the pressure

20-26
Cardiac Cycle

20-27
Events during Cardiac Cycle

20-28
Heart Sounds

• First heart sound or “lubb”


– Atrioventricular valves and surrounding fluid vibrations
as valves close at beginning of ventricular systole
• Second heart sound or “dupp”
– Results from closure of aortic and pulmonary semilunar
valves at beginning of ventricular diastole, lasts longer
• Third heart sound (occasional)
– Caused by turbulent blood flow into ventricles and
detected near end of first one-third of diastole

20-29
Location of Heart Valves

20-30
Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)
• Average blood pressure in aorta
• MAP=CO x PR
– CO is amount of blood pumped by heart per
minute
• CO=SV x HR
– SV: Stroke volume of blood pumped during each heart beat
– HR: Heart rate or number of times heart beats per minute
• Cardiac reserve: Difference between CO at rest and
maximum CO
– PR is total resistance against which blood must be
pumped
20-31
Factors Affecting MAP

20-32
Regulation of the Heart
• Intrinsic regulation: Results from normal
functional characteristics, not on neural or
hormonal regulation
– Starling’s law of the heart
• Extrinsic regulation: Involves neural and
hormonal control
– Parasympathetic stimulation
• Supplied by vagus nerve, decreases heart rate, acetylcholine
secreted
– Sympathetic stimulation
• Supplied by cardiac nerves, increases heart rate and force of
contraction, epinephrine and norepinephrine released

20-33
Heart Homeostasis
• Effect of blood pressure
– Baroreceptors monitor blood pressure
• Effect of pH, carbon dioxide, oxygen
– Chemoreceptors monitor
• Effect of extracellular ion concentration
– Increase or decrease in extracellular K+ decreases heart
rate
• Effect of body temperature
– Heart rate increases when body temperature increases,
heart rate decreases when body temperature decreases

20-34
Baroreceptor and Chemoreceptor
Reflexes

20-35
Baroreceptor Reflex

20-36
Chemoreceptor Reflex-pH

20-37
Effects of Aging on the Heart
• Gradual changes in heart function, minor
under resting condition, more significant
during exercise
• Hypertrophy of left ventricle
• Maximum heart rate decreases
• Increased tendency for valves to function
abnormally and arrhythmias to occur
• Increased oxygen consumption required to
pump same amount of blood
20-38

You might also like