CS1354

GRAPHICS & MULTIMEDIA

TEXT BOOKS

Donald Hearn and M.Pauline

Baker ,”Computer Graphics C
Version”,Pearson Education,2003

PrabatK Andleigh and Kiran

Thakrar,”Multimedia Systems and
Design,”PHI2003
UNIT – I
OUTPUT PRIMITIVES
Applications of Graphics

CAD
Presentation graphics
Computer art
Entertainment
Education & Training
Visualization
Image processing
Graphical user interface
CAD
 Used in the design of buildings, automobiles ,
aircrafts, spacecrafts , computer and other products
 Use wireframe outline form to display the objects
Features:
 provides the designer a multi window environment
 provides standard shapes for electrical , electronic
and logic circuits
 shows overall features and shapes of the objects
 shows the effects of interactive adjustments to design
shapes
PRESENTATION GRAPHICS
Used to summarize financial, statistical,
mathematical, scientific and economic data
for research reports, managerial and other
types of reports
COMPUTER ART
 Graphics methods are used in fine and commercial
art applications
 Pictures are painted electronically on a graphics
tablet (digitizer) using a stylus
 Used in Product advertising & T.V commercials
 T.V commercials are produced frame by frame
 motion is simulated in successive frames by
moving the object positions slightly from their
positions in the previous frame
 Finally the frames are transferred to film or video
buffer for play back
OTHER APPLICATIONS
ENTERTAINMENT
Graphics methods are used in making
motion pictures , music videos & T.V shows
EDUCATION & TRAINING
to generate models of physical, financial
and economic systems
 to design special systems for giving
trainings
(simulators)
OTHER APPLICATIONS
IMAGE PROCESSING
Used to modify/interpret pictures & T.V
scans
Used in robotics
GUI
To display either a single window or
multiple window areas
ICON
graphical symbol designed to look like the
processing option it represents.
OVERVIEW OF GRAPHICS
SYSTEMS
Video Display Device
Primary output device – video monitor
Operation is based on std. CRT
 Beam of electrons emitted by electron gun
passes through focusing & deflection
system that direct the beam towards
specified position on phosphor coated
screen which emits a small spot of light
PROPERTIES
 Persistence
- time taken for the emitted light to
decay to one tenth of its original intensity
 Resolution
- max. no. of points that can be
displayed without overlap on the CRT
 Aspect Ratio
- ratio of vertical points to horizontal
points necessary to produce equal length
lines in both directions on the screen
RASTER & RANDOM SCAN
DISPLAYS
Raster Scan Displays
 Electron beam is swept across the screen
 One row at a time
 Pattern of illuminated spots is created
Frame Buffer/Refresh Buffer:
memory area that stores the picture
definition(intensity values for all screen points)
Horizontal & Vertical retrace
 Return of electron beam to the left of the screen
after refreshing each scanline
 Return of the electron beam to the top left corner at
the end of each frame to begin the next frame
Random Scan Display
Electron beam is directed only to parts of
the screen where a picture is to be drawn
Also called as vector displays or stroke
writing or calligraphic displays
COLOR CRT MONITORS
 Uses a combination of phosphors

Techniques used for displaying colors

 Beam penetration method ( random scan)
two layers of phosphors (Red & Green)
 Shadow mask method (raster scan)
three phosphor color dots at each pixel
position
Types
delta-delta shadow mask
inline shadow mask
DVST & FLAT PANEL
DISPLAY
Direct View Storage Tube
picture information is stored as charge
distribution behind the phosphor coated
screen

uses two types of electron guns

 primary gun (to store picture)
 flood gun (to maintain picture)
Flat Panel Displays
have reduced volume , weight and
power requirements

Types
 emissive displays (converts electrical
energy into light-LED)
 non emissive displays (LCD)
GRAPHICS MONOTORS & WORK
STATION
 Screen resolution of PC is 640 x 480
 Screen dimension vary from 12 to 21 inches
 Color selection from 16 to 32,000

Workstation
 screen resolution 1280 x 1024
 screen dimension 16 inches & more
 8 to 24 bits per pixel

Media wall
multi screen system (array of 5 x 5 monitors)
 INPUT DEVICES
KEYBOARD
MOUSE
TRACK BALL (ball rotated with fingers/palm)
SPACEBALL (does not move strain gauges measure
pressure applied to provide i/p)
JOYSTICK
DATA GLOVE
IMAGE SCANNER
TOUCH PANEL
DIGITIZERS
LIGHT PEN
VOICE SYSTEM
HARD COPY DEVICES
Printers
 impact (character face against ink ribbon)
 non impact (uses laser techniques)
GRAPHICS SOFTWARE
Coordinate representation
 Modeling/ local coordinate
used to construct the shape of the individual objects
 World coordinate
reference frame to place objects into appropriate place
within the scene
 Device coordinate
corresponds to the output device

The graphics s/m first converts the world coordinate position to

normalized device coordinate in the range of 0 to 1 before the
final conversion to specific device coordinates.
SOFTWARE STANDARDS
Goal of standards – portability

Standards
 GKS (graphical kernal system)
 PHIGS (programmer’s Hierarchical Interactive
Graphics Standard)
 CGI (computer graphics interface)
 CGM (computer graphics metafile)
ATTRIBUTES OF O/P
PRIMITIVES
Attribute parameter
- affects the way a primitive is to be
displayed
(ex.) color, size
Ways to incorporate attribute options
 Extend the parameter list
 Maintain a system list
LINE ATTRIBUTES
Line type
is set by the function
setLinetype(lt)
lt ranges from 1 to 4
1 – solid line
2 – dashed line
3 – dotted
4 – dash dotted
LINE ATTRIBUTES
Line width
is set by the function
setLinewidthScaleFactor(lw)
lw – 1 std.line width
>1 thicker line
0.5 half of std. width
Pixel mask
string contains the digits 1 and 0
Indicates the positions to plot

Line caps
adjust the shape of the line ends
gives the lines better appearance

Types of line caps

 Butt cap
 Round cap
 Projecting square cap
Methods to join line segments
 Miter join
 Round join
 Bevel join
COLOR AND GRAYSCALE
LEVELS
Color options – numerically coded(+ve int)
Codes – converted into intensity level
settings for electron beams
No. of color choices – amount of storage
provided per pixel
Methods to store color info. in frame buffer
 Direct storing of color codes
 Use of a separate table for color code and an index

code R G B displayed color

0 0 0 0 black 4 1 0 0 Red
1 0 0 1 blue 5 1 0 1 Magenta
2 0 1 0 green 6 1 1 0 Yellow
3 0 1 1 cyan 7 1 1 1 White
Advantages of color code lookup table
Entries can be changed instantly
Does not require large frame buffers
Provides reasonable no. of colors

Gray Scale:
Shades of gray (black, dark gray, light gray,
white)
Area fill attributes
 fill style - setInteriorStyle(fs)
pattern fill - setInteriorStyleIndex(pi)

Tiling:
-process of filling an area with rectangular
pattern.
Character attributes
setTextFont(tf)
setTextColorIndex(tc)
setCharacterHeight(ch)
setCharacterExpansionFactor(cw)
setCharacterSpacing(cs)
setTextPath(tp)
setTextAlignment(h,v)
Bundled Attributes:
Attributes that are specified together
with a set of values for a primitive on
each o/p device
Bundle table – defines attribute values
Inquiry function – retrieves the current
settings for attributes
Aliasing – distortion of information due to
low frequency sampling
TWO DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRIC
TRANSFORMATIONS
Transformation:
alter the coordinate description of the objects.
Basic geometric transformation:
 Translation
 Rotation
 Scaling
Additional transformation:
 Reflection
 Shear
Translation
Moves the object without deformation
Points are translated by the same amount

Translation equation:
xI = x + t x yI = y + t y
Matrix equation:
PI = P + T
 
Rotation

Reposition an object along the circular path

in the XY plane
To generate rotation specify
 rotational angle Θ
 rotation point/pivot point

+ ve values for Θ define clockwise rotation

- ve values for Θ define anticlockwise
rotation
Rotation
Transformation equation:
xI = r Cos( Ф+Θ) = r Cos Ф Cos Θ – r Sin Ф Sin Θ
yI = r Sin( Ф + Θ) = r Cos Ф Sin Θ + r Sin Ф Cos Θ
but
x = r Cos Ф
y = r Sin Ф
So,
xI = x Cos Θ – y Sin Θ
yI = x Sin Θ + y Cos Θ
Column vector rep.
PI = R.P
Scaling

alters the size of the object

coordinate values of the vertex is
multiplied by scaling factors Sx & Sy
xI = x . Sx
yI = y . Sy
Uniform Scaling : Sx = Sy
Differential Scaling: Sx ≠ Sy
Scaling values <1 object closer to coordinate origin
Scaling values >1 object farther from coordinate origin
Matrix Representation &
Homogeneous Coordinates
Adv. Of 3 by 3 matrix
multiplicative term and translational term
for 2D transformation can be combined.
To express any 2 D transformation into
matrix multiplication
Represent Cartesian coordinate position
(x,y)into homogeneous coordinate triple(xh
,yh ,h)
h – homogeneous parameter usually one(1)
Composite Transformation
Composite transformation matrix can be
set up by calculating the matrix product of
individual transformations.
Translation
P1 = T(tx2 , ty2 ).{T(tx1 , ty1 ).P}
= {T(tx2 ,ty2 ).T(tx1 , ty1)}.P
T(tx2 , ty2 ) . T(tx1 ,ty1 ) = T(tx1 +tx2 , ty1 +ty2 )
Composite Transformation
 Rotation

P1 = R(Θ2 ) . { R(Θ1 ).P}

= { R(Θ2 ) . R(Θ1 ) }. P
But,
R(Θ2 ) . R(Θ1 ) = R(Θ1 + Θ2 )
So,
P1 = R(Θ1 + Θ2 ) . P

 Scaling

S(sx2 , sy2 ) . S(sx 1 , sy 1) = S(sx 1. sx2 , sy1 , sy2 )

General Pivot Point Rotation
To rotate the object about any selected point (xr ,yr )
perform,
 Translation
 Rotation
 Translation ( inverse translation)
in sequence
General Fixed Point Scaling
perform
Translation, Scaling and inverse translation in
sequence.
Other Transformations
Reflection
• produces mirror image
• obtained by rotating the object 180
degrees about the reflection axis.

Shear
distorts the shape of an object.
can be with respect to both axis
Affine transformation:
coordinate transformation of the form
xI = axxx + axyy + bx
yI = ayxx + ayyy + by
Raster functions in graphics package
 copy
 read
 write