SEE, UniMAP

1
EAT 347/4 Mass Transfer

Chapter

Introduction to
Mass Transfer
by Dr. Sara Yasina Yusuf

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Content
1. Introduction
2. Fundamental Transport Processes
3. Classification of Separation Processes
4. Methods of Expressing Temperature &
Concentrations
5. Conservation of Mass and Material
Balances
6. Energy and Heat Units

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1
Introduction

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Separation
Material purification Macroscopic level
separation
of
desirable
products
from
undesirable
ones Diffusion molecular scale:
concentration gradients
treatment of
effluent gases and

Mass Transfer Operations

liquids

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Mass Transfer
the movement of one or more
component(s) of a phase in molecular
scale either within the phase or to
another phase caused by the
concentration gradient, the transfer
taking place in the direction of
decreasing
Molecular concentration
Diffusion vs. Convection

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2
Fundamental Transport
Processes

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Momentu
m transfer

Moving media

Transfer of mass from

phase to another
Concentration gradient Transport Temperature
Process gradient

Mass Heat
transfer transfer

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3
Classification of Mass
Transfer & Separation
Processes

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Classification of Mass Transfer

EAT 347/4 Mass Transfer

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Evaporation

Change Volatile solvent from non volatile solute

of energy
Drying

SP deals Volatile liquids removed from solid

mainly
with
Distillation

Change Transfer Liquid mixture (miscible & volatile substances)

of of separation by boiling/partial vaporization Pvap
material material
Absorption & desorption/stripping

soluble vapor is absorbed by means of a liquid

solute is transferred from the solvent liquid to the
gas phase
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Membrane separation EAT 347/4 Mass Transfer

Removal of solid from fluid through Liquid-solid leaching

semipermeable membrane barrier
Treating finely divided solid with
Liquid-liquid extraction liquid that dissolves out & removes
solute contained in the solid
Removal of solute in liquid solution by
contacting with another liquid solvent
Crystallization
Adsorption
Removal of solute (salt) from
Component of gas/liquid stream solution by precipitation
removed & adsorbed by solid
adsorbent Mechanical-physical
separation
Ion exchange
Separation of solids, liquids or
Removal of certain ions in solution gases by mechanical means
from liquid by ion-exchange solid
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4
Methods of Expressing
Temperature &
Concentrations

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Temperature

o
F 32 1.8 o C Boiling
Celcius Farenheit Kelvin Rankine

o
C
1 o
1.8

F 32 water
Melting
100oC 212oF 373.15 K 671.67oR

0o C
o o ice 32oF 273.15 K 491.67oR
R F 459.67 Absolute
0K 0R
o zero
K C 273.15 -273.15 Co
-459.67 Fo

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A container holds 60 g of water

(B) and 40 g of NaOH (A).
Calculate the weight fraction
and mole fraction of NaOH.
Calculate both NaOH and H2O
MWNaOH = 40
MWH2O =
masses in Ibm
18.02

Mole units and weight or

mass unit 14.
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Recall.

Number of molecules of each species

present per unit volume (molecules/m3)

Molar concentration of species i =

Number of moles of i per unit volume
(kmol/m3)

Mass concentration = Mass of i per unit

volume (kg/m3)

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Gas law and vapor pressure

:ideal gas law
pV nRT volume at STP;
2 2
R 8314.3 kg m /kg mol s K 1.0 kgmol SC 22.414 m 3
0.7302 ft 3 atm/Ibmolo R 1.0 gmol SC 22.414 L
3
82.057 cm atm/gmol K 22 414 cm 3
1.0 Ibmol SC 359.05 ft 3

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Gas law and vapor pressure

:Ideal gas mixtures
A gas mixture contains the
following components and
P p A p B pC partial pressures; CO2, 75
pA pA mmHg; CO, 50 mmHg; N2,
xA
P p A p B pC 595 mmHg; O2, 26 mmHg.
Calculate total pressure and
composition in mole
fractions
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Gas law and vapor pressure

:Vapor pressure & boiling point of liquids
Exert P like
PT less; Molecules
gas
BP < 100 will
o
C evaporate

Independent of amount of
Sealed
liquid, increased
container equilibrium
markedly with
Temperature
Boiling
point
Pvap = PT
For moderate
Temp; 1
log P A m b
T 18.
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5
Conservation of Mass
and Material Balances

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Simple material balance

In the concentration of orange juice,
a fresh extracted and strained juice
containing 7.08 wt% solids is fed to 1. Sketch a simple diagram
a vacuum evaporator. In the of process
evaporator, water is removed and 2. Write the chemical
the solids content increased to 58 equations involved (if
wt% solids. For 1000 kg/h entering, any)
calculate the amounts of outlet 3. Select a basis for
streams of concentrated juice and calculation
water
4. Make a material balance
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Material balances and

In a process producing KNO3 salt,

Recycle
1000 kg/h of a feed solution
containing 20 wt % KNO3 is fed to an
evaporator, which evaporates some
water, W kg/h
water at 422 K to produce a 50 wt %
KNO3 solution. This is then fed to a Feed,
1000 kg/h Evaporator S, kg/h Crystallizer
crystallizer at 311 K, where crystals 422 K 50% KNO3 311 K
20% KNO3
containing 96 wt % KNO3 are
removed. The saturated solution
containing 37.5 wt % KNO3 is recycled recycle, R kg/h
37.5% KNO3
to the evaporator. Calculate the 4% H2O

amount of recycle stream R in kg/h Crystals,

P kg/h
and the product stream of crystals P
in kg/h
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Material balances: Simple

Chemical Reaction
The feed to a continuous N 2 3H 2 2 NH 3
ammonia formation reactor is
100 mol/s nitrogen, 300 mol/s
Feed, F mol/s
hydrogen, and 1 mol/s argon. reactor
The percent conversion of 100 mol/s N2 Product, P mol/s
hydrogen in the reactor is 60%. 300 mol/s H2
1 mol/s Ar
What is the molar flow rate of
each species as it exits the
rector?

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Material balances:
Combustion reaction
1
CO O2 CO2
A fuel gas containing 3.2 mol% H2, 2
1
27.1 mol% CO, 5.4 mol% CO2, 0.6 mol H 2 O2 H 2 O
2
% O2 and 63.7 mol% N2 is burned with
20% excess air (combustion of air to A kg mol air
CO2 and H20). The combustion of CO is burner
F kg mol flue gas
100 kg mol fuel gas H2O
only 98% complete. For 100 kg mol of CO
3.2% H2
fuel gas, calculate the moles of each 27.1% CO CO2
component in the exit flue gas 5.4% CO2 O2
0.6% O2 N2
63.7% N2
100.0% 23.
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6
Energy and Heat Units

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c p varies with temperature (integration)

c pm mean value

Heat Latent Fusion Hliq to ice

Capacity Heat Vaporization Hliq to vap

Joule,
Heat of
Calorie, H 0
Energy Reaction
Btu
& Heat Energy changes due to chemical rxn
1 btu 252.16 cal Units thermochemistry
Exothermic
1.05506 kJ Endothermic
Depends of chemical nature and
physical states of reactant and 25.
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The gas N2 at 1 atm pressure absolute

is being heated in a heat exchanger.
Calculate the amount of heat needed
in J to heat 3.0 g mol N2 in the
following temperature ranges:
a. 25 400 oC
b. 20 115 oC
c. 572 1742 oF

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Find the enthalpy change (i.e. how

much heat must be added) for each of
the following cases:
a. Heating 1 kg water from 21.11 oC
to 60 oC at 101.325 kPa pressure
b. Heating 1 kg water from 21.11 oC
to 115.6 oC and vaporizing at
172.2 kPa
c. Vaporizing 1 kg water at 115.6 oC
and 172.2 kPa

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A total of 10.0 g mol of carbon

graphite is burned in a calorimeter
held at 298 K and 1 atm. The
combustion is incomplete, and 90% of
the C goes to CO2 and 10% to CO.
What is the total enthalpy change in
kJ and kcal?

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Thanks!

Any questions?
You can find me at [email protected]

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