The document discusses the discovery of subatomic particles including electrons, protons, and neutrons through various experiments. J.J. Thomson discovered the electron and its charge to mass ratio. R.A. Millikan calculated the charge of an electron to be -1.6012 × 10-19 coulomb through his oil drop experiment. James Chadwick discovered the neutron through bombarding beryllium with alpha particles. The neutron was found to have no charge and a mass slightly greater than a proton. Isotopes are atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers due to varying numbers of neutrons, while isobars have the same mass number but different atomic numbers.
The document discusses the discovery of subatomic particles including electrons, protons, and neutrons through various experiments. J.J. Thomson discovered the electron and its charge to mass ratio. R.A. Millikan calculated the charge of an electron to be -1.6012 × 10-19 coulomb through his oil drop experiment. James Chadwick discovered the neutron through bombarding beryllium with alpha particles. The neutron was found to have no charge and a mass slightly greater than a proton. Isotopes are atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers due to varying numbers of neutrons, while isobars have the same mass number but different atomic numbers.
The document discusses the discovery of subatomic particles including electrons, protons, and neutrons through various experiments. J.J. Thomson discovered the electron and its charge to mass ratio. R.A. Millikan calculated the charge of an electron to be -1.6012 × 10-19 coulomb through his oil drop experiment. James Chadwick discovered the neutron through bombarding beryllium with alpha particles. The neutron was found to have no charge and a mass slightly greater than a proton. Isotopes are atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers due to varying numbers of neutrons, while isobars have the same mass number but different atomic numbers.
The document discusses the discovery of subatomic particles including electrons, protons, and neutrons through various experiments. J.J. Thomson discovered the electron and its charge to mass ratio. R.A. Millikan calculated the charge of an electron to be -1.6012 × 10-19 coulomb through his oil drop experiment. James Chadwick discovered the neutron through bombarding beryllium with alpha particles. The neutron was found to have no charge and a mass slightly greater than a proton. Isotopes are atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers due to varying numbers of neutrons, while isobars have the same mass number but different atomic numbers.
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Sub-Atomic Particles
Electron Proton and Neutron J. J. Thomson Charge/Mass Ratio of Electron R.A. Millikan Charge on the Electron: R.A. Mulliken calculated the charge on an electron by his famous Oil Drop Experiment. The value came out to be -1.6012 10 19 coulomb
Mass of Electrons: Eugene Goldstein A dim glow is visible behind the cathode when an electric discharge is passed through a perforated cathode in a discharge tube filled with a gas at low pressure
These new type of rays travel from anode to
that cathode
He gave the name canal rays to these rays
because these rays cross the canals of the cathode and reach the other side W.Wein proved that the canal rays consist of positively charged particles
J.J. Thomson gave the name positive rays to them because they are composed of positively charged particle The smallest and lightest positive ion was obtained from hydrogen and was called proton
Charge on the Proton = +1.602 10 19 coulomb
Mass of Proton = 1.6725 10 27
kg James Chadwick
Bombarding a thin sheet of beryllium by -particles
When electrically neutral particles having a mass
slightly greater than that of the protons was emitted
He named these particles as neutrons
Charge on the neutron= Zero
Mass of Proton = 1.67493 10 27 kg
Discovery of the Neutron
9 4 12 1 4Be + 2He 6 C + 0 n
James Chadwick bombarded beryllium-9 with alpha
particles, carbon-12 atoms were formed, and neutrons were emitted. Electron as ( -1e 0 ) Proton as ( +1P 1 ) neutron as ( 0n 1) Atomic Number = Protons
The atomic number of an element is the
number of protons Located above the symbol of the element The number of protons determines the identity of the element. Each element has a different atomic number Mass number The Mass number of an atom is the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons (Proton + Neutron) Located below the symbol of the element Atomic mass is measured in amus, (atomic mass units)
Atomic Mass = Mass of Protons + Mass of Neutrons
Mass of one proton = Mass of one neutron = 1 amu and Mass of electron = 0 amu Mass number = Atomic Mass How many electrons are in an atom?
For an atom to have an overall neutral
charge the number of electrons must equal the number of protons
Protons= electrons ISOTOPES Atoms with identical atomic number but different
atomic mass number (different No. of neutrons)
Chemical properties of atoms are controlled by the number of electrons
Number of neutrons present in the nucleus
have very little effect on the chemical properties of an element
Therefore, all the isotopes of a given element
show same chemical behavior Isobars Isobars are the atoms with same mass number but different atomic number (different No. of protons) 6C14 and 7N14 Mass number = Proton + neutron (6+8=14 in C 7+7=14 in N) Atomic Number = protons (6 in C and 7 in N) All the isobars of a given element show different chemical behavior The end
