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Lesson 2 Bioenergetics

The document discusses the key components of cells. It describes that all cells contain a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and in eukaryotic cells, a nucleus. The nucleus contains chromatin and serves to protect the cell's genetic material. The endomembrane system is a series of organelles between the nucleus and plasma membrane that synthesize lipids and proteins. It includes vesicles, vacuoles, and the endoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondria are another essential organelle that generates energy for cell processes.

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164 views15 pages

Lesson 2 Bioenergetics

The document discusses the key components of cells. It describes that all cells contain a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and in eukaryotic cells, a nucleus. The nucleus contains chromatin and serves to protect the cell's genetic material. The endomembrane system is a series of organelles between the nucleus and plasma membrane that synthesize lipids and proteins. It includes vesicles, vacuoles, and the endoplasmic reticulum. Mitochondria are another essential organelle that generates energy for cell processes.

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Jboy Mnl
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We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BIOENERGETICS

LESSON 2
WHAT IS A CELL?

CELL THEORY
1665 ANTONI VAN LEEUVENHOEK
CONSTRUCTED AN EARLY MICROSCOPE THAT REVEALED
TINY ORGANISM IN RAINWATER, INSECTS, FABRIC, SPERM,
FECES AND OTHER SAMPLES
SAW ANIMALCULES, WERE ALIVE
ROBERT HOOKE
OBSERVED CORK UNDER A MICROSCOPE AND
DISCOVERED IT TO CONSIST OF A GREAT MANY LITTLE
COMPONENTS OF ALL CELLS

PLASMA MEMBRANE
OUTERMOST,AND SEPARATES THE CELLS
CONTENTS FROM THE EXTERNAL
ENVIRONMENT
SELECTIVELY
PERMEABLE (ONLY CERTAIN
MATERIALS CAN CROSS IT)
CONTROLS EXCHANGES BETWEEN THE CELL
AND ITS ENVIRONMENT
COMPONENTS OF ALL CELLS

CYTOPLASM
A JELLYLIKE MIXTURE OF WATER, SUGARS,
IONS AND PROTEINS
MAJOR
PART OF A CELLS METABOLISM
OCCURS HERE
ORGANELLES
STRUCTURES THAT CARRY OUT SPECIEL FUNCTIONS INSIDE
A CELL
MEMBRANE-ENCLOSED ORGANELLES ALLOW A CELL TO
COMPONENTS OF ALL CELLS

DNA
EVERY CELL STARTS OUT LIFE WITH DNA
IN
BACTERIA AND ARCHEA DNA IS SUSPENDED
DIRECTLY IN CYTOPLASM
IN
EUKARYOTIC CELSS- DNA CONTAINED IN A
NUCLEUS (ORGANELLE WITH A DOUBLE MEMBRANE)
ALL
PROTISTS, FUNGI, PLANTS AND ANIMALS ARE
EUKARYOTES
SOME ORGANISMS ARE INDEPENDENT, FREE LIVING
CELLS, OTHERS CONSIST OF MANY CELLS WORKING
COMPONENTS OF ALL CELLS

THE NUCLEUS
SERVES TWO IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS
1.KEEPS THE CELLS GENETIC MATERIAL
DNA, SAFE FROM METABOLIC PROCESSES
THAT MIGHT DAMAGE IT. DNA STAY SEPARATED
FROM THE ACTIVITY IN THE CYTOPLASM
2.CONTROLS THE PASSAGE OF CERTAIN
MOLECULES ACROSS ITS MEMBRANE
COMPONENTS OF ALL CELLS

THE NUCLEUS
COMPONENTS OF THE NUCLEUS:
CHROMATIN DNA AND ASSOCIATED PROTEINS IN A CELL
NUCLEUS
NUCLEOPLASM SEMIFLUID INTERIOR PORTION OF THE
NUCLEUS
NUCLEARENVELOPE DOUBLE MEMBRANE WITH
NUCLEAR PORES THAT CONTROL WHICH SUBSTANCES
ENTER AND EXIT THE NUCLEUS
COMPONENTS OF ALL CELLS

THEENDOMEMBRANE
SYSTEM
ASERIES OF INTERACTING ORGANELLES BETWEEN THE
NUCLEUS AND THE PLASMA MEMBRANE.
FUNCTIONS:

MAKE LIPIDS, ENZYMES AND PROTEINS FOR INSERTION


INTO THE CELLS MEMBRANES OR SECRETION TO THE
EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
DESTROYS TOXINS, RECYCLES WASTES, AND OTHER
COMPONENTS OF ALL CELLS

THEENDOMEMBRANE
SYSTEM
COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM:
1. VESICLES SMALL, MEMBRANE ENCLOSED SACS FORM BY BUDDING
FROM OTHER ORGANELLES OR WHEN A PATCH OF PLASMA MEMBRANE
SINKS INTO THE CYTOPLASM
FUNCTIONS:
A) MANY TYPES CARRY SUBSTANCES FROM ONE ORGANELLE TO ANOTHER
B) COLLECT AND DISPOSE OF WASTE, DEBRIS OR TOXINS
EXAMPLES: PEROXISOMES ENZYMES IN VESICLES, BREAK DOWN FATTY ACIDS,
COMPONENTS OF ALL CELLS

THEENDOMEMBRANE
SYSTEM
COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM:
2. VACUOLES SACS THAT FORM BY THE FUSION OF MULTIPLE VESICLES.
MANY ISOLATE OR BREAK DOWN WASTE, DEBRIS, TOXINS OR FOOD,
PLANT CELLS HAVE A LARGE CENTRAL VACUOLE IN WHICH AMINO ACIDS,
SUGARS, IONS, WASTES AND TOXINS ACCUMULATE.
FLUID PRESSURE IN A CENTRAL VACUOLE KEEPS PLANT CELLS PLUMP.
COMPONENTS OF ALL CELLS

THEENDOMEMBRANE
SYSTEM
COMPONENTS OF THE SYSTEM:
3. ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (ER) COMPRISES AN INTERCONNECTED
SYSTEM OF TUBES AND FLATTENED SACS. AN EXTENSION OF THE OUTER
LIPID BILAYER OF THE NUCLEAR ENVELOPE, SO THE SPACE IT ENCLOSES IS
CONTINUOUS WITH THE INTERMEMBRANE SPACE OF THE NUCLEAR
ENVELOPE.
TWO KINDS OF ER:
A. ROUGH ER MAKE POLYPEPTIDES THAT THREAD INTO THE INTERIOR OF
THE ER AS THEY ARE ASSEMBLED. CELLS THAT MAKE, STORE, AND
COMPONENTS OF ALL CELLS

MITOCHONDRIA

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