Phys 371: Materials Physics

(An Introduction to Materials Science)

Instructor: Dr. Ahmad Masadeh Office: #12 Phys Bldg.

Scope: Provide an introduction to the science of materials

(e.g., metals, ceramics, polymers, and semiconductors).

Objective: Develop an awareness of materials and their properties.

To reveal the relationships between
Processing - Structure - Properties - Performance

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 Introduction to Engineering Materials

Dr. Masadeh Department home page:

http://eacademic.ju.edu.jo/Ahmad.Masadeh/default.aspx

On the website students will find:

Announcements: topics, assignments (reading, HW, exams), etc.
Lecture notes and hands out
http://eacademic.ju.edu.jo/Ahmad.Masadeh/Material/Forms/AllItems.aspx

Text: Materials Science & Engineering: An introduction Callister and

Rethwisch (Special 8th edition for Phys371)

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 Units of Length

1 cm 102 m 0.01 m
1 mm 103 m 0.001 m
1 micron (m) 106 m 0.000001 m
1 nanometer (nm) 109 m 0.000000001 m
1 Angstrom () 1010 m 0.0000000001 m

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Metrics Made Easy: UNITS are Important!

Some Rough Equivalent

1 packet of sugar substitute: 1g (gram)
1 small apple: 1 N (Newton)
100 kg person : 1kN (kilo-Newton)
1 square table: 1m2 (meter squared)
1 square toothpick end: 1mm2 (millimeter squared)

Visualizing Pressure
1 Pascal (1 Pa, or 1 N/m2): Imagine applesauce made from an apple
and spread thinly enough to cover the card table. (too small)

Experiencing Pressure
1 Mega-Pascal (1 MPa, or 1 MN/m2): Stick one end of the toothpick into
apple and balance the end on your finger.

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 Six Major Classes of Materials
Some of these have descriptive subclasses.
Classes have overlap, so some materials fit into more than one class.

Metals
Iron and Steel
Alloys and Superalloys (e.g. aerospace applications)
Intermetallic Compounds (high-T structural materials)

Ceramics
Structural Ceramics (high-temperature load bearing)
Refractories (corrosion-resistant, insulating)
Whitewares (e.g. porcelains)
Glass
Electrical Ceramics (capacitors, insulators, transducers, etc.)
Chemically Bonded Ceramics (e.g. cement and concrete)

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 Six Major Classes of Materials

Polymers
Plastics
Liquid crystals

Electronic Materials
Silicon and Germanium
III-V Compounds (e.g. GaAs)
Photonic materials (solid-state lasers, LEDs)
Composites
Particulate composites (small particles embedded in a different material)
Laminate composites (golf club shafts, tennis rackets, Damascus steel )
Fiber reinforced composites (e.g. fiberglass)

Biomaterials (really using previous 5, but bio-mimetic)

Man-made proteins (cytoskeletal protein rods or artificial bacterium)
Biosensors (Au-nanoparticles stabilized by encoded DNA for anthrax detection)
Drug-delivery colloids (polymer based)

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 Periodic Table of Elements

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 Properties of Materials

An alternative to major classes, you may divide materials into

classification according to properties.

One goal of materials engineering is to select materials with suitable

properties for a given application, so its a sensible approach.

Just as for classes of materials, there is some overlap among the

properties, so the divisions are not always clearly defined

Mechanical properties
A. Elasticity and stiffness (recoverable stress vs. strain)
B. Plasticity (non-recoverable stress vs. strain)
C. Strength
D. Brittleness or Toughness
E. Fatigue is the progressive and localized structural damage that occurs when a material is subjected to cyclic loading.

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 Properties of Materials

Electrical properties
A. Electrical conductivity and resistivity

Dielectric properties
A. Polarizability
B. Capacitance
C. Ferroelectric properties
D. Piezoelectric properties The word piezoelectricity means electricity resulting from pressure

E. Pyroelectric properties is the ability of certain materials to generate a temporary voltage when they are heated or cooled

Magnetic properties
A. Paramagnetic properties
B. Diamagnetic properties
C. Ferromagnetic properties

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 Properties of Materials

Optical properties
A. Refractive index
B. Absorption, reflection, and transmission
C. Birefringence (double refraction): is the optical property of a material having a refractive index
that depends on the polarization and propagation direction of light

Corrosion properties: is the gradual destruction of material, usually metals, by chemical reaction with
its environment.

Biological properties
A. Toxicity
B. bio-compatibility

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 Materials Science & Engineering in a Nutshell
Performance
Materials Engineering
Designing the structure to achieve
specific properties of materials.

Structure Processing
Processing

Structure
Properties
Properties
Materials Science
Performance
Investigating the relationship between
structure and properties of materials.

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 Classes and Properties: Metals
Distinguishing features
Atoms arranged in a regular repeating structure (crystalline)
Relatively good strength (defined later)
Dense
Malleable or ductile: high plasticity (defined later)
Resistant to fracture: tough
Excellent conductors of electricity and heat
Opaque to visible light
Shiny appearance
Thus, metals can be formed and machined easily, and are usually long-lasting materials.

They do not react easily with other elements, however, metals such as Fe and Al do form
compounds readily (such as ores) so they must be processed to extract base metals.

One of the main drawbacks is that metals do react with chemicals in the environment,
such as iron-oxide (rust).

Many metals do not have high melting points, making them useless for many applications.

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 Classes and Properties: Metals

Elemental metals are in yellow

we need to recall and use knowledge from the periodic table

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 Classes and Properties: Metals

Applications
Electrical wiring
Structures: buildings, bridges, etc.
Automobiles: body, chassis, springs, engine block, etc.
Airplanes: engine components, fuselage, landing gear assembly, etc.
Trains: rails, engine components, body, wheels
Machine tools: drill bits, hammers, screwdrivers, saw blades, etc.
Shape memory materials: eye glasses frames
Magnets

Examples
Pure metal elements (Cu, Fe, Zn, Ag, etc.)
Alloys (Cu-Sn=bronze, Cu-Zn=brass, Fe-C=steel, Pb-Sn=solder)
Intermetallic compounds (e.g. Ni3Al)

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 Classes and Properties: Ceramics

Distinguishing features
Except for glasses, atoms are regularly arranged (crystalline )
Composed of a mixture of metal and nonmetal atoms
Lower density than most metals Stronger than metals
Low resistance to fracture: low toughness or brittle
Low ductility or malleability: low plasticity
High melting point Alumina (Al2O3)

Poor conductors of electricity and heat

Where metals react readily with chemicals in the environment and have low application
temperatures in many cases, ceramics do not suffer from these drawbacks.

Ceramics have high-resistance to environment as they are essentially metals that have
already reacted with the environment, e.g. Alumina (Al2O3) and Silica (SiO2, Quartz).

Ceramics are heat resistant. Ceramics form both in crystalline and non-crystalline phases
because they can be cooled rapildy from the molten state to form glassy materials.

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 Classes and Properties: Ceramics

Elemental occurring in ceramics are in blue

Alumina (Al2O3)

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 Classes and Properties: Ceramics

Applications
Electrical insulators
Abrasives
Thermal insulation and coatings
Windows, television screens, optical fibers (glass)
Corrosion resistant applications
Electrical devices: capacitors, varistors, transducers, etc.
Highways and roads (concrete)
Biocompatible coatings (fusion to bone)
Self-lubricating bearings
Magnetic materials (audio/video tapes, hard disks, etc.)

Examples
Simple oxides (SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO)
Mixed-metal oxides (SrTiO3, MgAl2O4, YBa2Cu3O7-x, having vacancy defects.)
Nitrides (Si3N4, AlN, GaN, BN, and TiN, which are used for hard coatings.)

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 Classes and Properties: Polymers

Distinguishing features
Composed primarily of C and H (hydrocarbons)
Low melting temperature.
Some are crystals, many are not.
Most are poor conductors of electricity and heat.
Many have high plasticity.
A few have good elasticity.
Some are transparent, some are opaque

Polymers are attractive because they are usually lightweight and inexpensive to make,
and usually very easy to process, either in molds, as sheets, or as coatings.

Most are very resistant to the environment.

They are poor conductors of heat and electricity, and tend to be easy to bend, which
makes them very useful as insulation for electrical wires.

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 Classes and Properties: Polymers

Two main types of polymers are thermosets and thermoplastics.

Thermosets are cross-linked polymers that form 3-D networks, hence are strong and rigid.

Thermoplastics are long-chain polymers that slide easily past one another when heated,
hence, they tend to be easy to form, bend, and break.

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 Classes and Properties: Polymers

Elements that compose polymers: limited

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 Classes and Properties: Polymers

Applications and Examples

Adhesives and glues
Containers
Moldable products (computer casings, telephone handsets, disposable razors)
Clothing and upholstery material (vinyls, polyesters, nylon)
Water-resistant coatings (latex)
Biodegradable products (corn-starch packing peanuts)
Biomaterials (organic/inorganic intefaces)
Liquid crystals
Low-friction materials (teflon)
Synthetic oils and greases
Gaskets and O-rings (rubber)
Soaps and surfactants

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 Classes and Properties: Semiconductors

Some distinguishing features

Made primarily from metalloids
Regular arrangement of atoms (crystals, but not, e.g., solar cell amorphous Si)

Semiconductors define the Digitial Revolution and Information Age.

Starting with extremely pure crystalline form, their electrical conductions can be
controlled by impurity doping (and defect).

The result is a tiny electrical switching called a "transistor". Transistors (at present)
can be packed to about 1 billion in the size of a Lincoln Penny.

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Classes and Properties: Semiconductors

Elements occurring in semiconductors

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Classes and Properties: Semiconductors

Applications and Examples

Computer CPUs
Electrical components (transistors, diodes, etc.)
Solid-state lasers
Light-emitting diodes (LEDs)
Flat panel displays
Solar cells
Radiation detectors
Microelectromechanical devices (MEMS)
Examples: Si, Ge, GaAs, and InSb

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 Classes and Properties: Composites

Distinguishing features
Composed of two or more different materials (e.g., metal/ceramic,
polymer/polymer, etc.)
Properties depend on amount and distribution of each type of material.
Collective properties more desirable than possible with any individual material.

Applications and Examples

Sports equipment (golf club shafts, tennis rackets, bicycle frames)
Aerospace materials
Thermal insulation
Concrete
"Smart" materials (sensing and responding)
Brake materials

Examples
Fiberglass (glass fibers in a polymer)
Space shuttle heat shields (interwoven ceramic fibers)
Paints (ceramic particles in latex)
Tank armor (ceramic particles in metal)

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 Materials Science Goals

Understand the origin and relationship between

processing, structure, properties, and performance.

Use the right material for the right job.

Help recognize within your discipline the design

opportunities offered by materials selection.
While nano-, bio-, smart- materials can make technological
revolution, conservation and re-use methods and policies can
have tremendous environmental and technological impacts!
Hybrid cars in 2004 are as efficient as fuel-cell cars of tomorrow!
Considering reforming, or energy needed to produce hydrogen, or
that gasoline has much more energy density than hydrogen.

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 Alloying and Precipitation: T-vs- c and TTT diage
As noted, alloying can lead to new or enhanced properties, such as advanced
precipitation hardened 767 aircraft skin.
Controlling the size and type of precipitates requires knowledge T vs. c phase
diagrams andT-T-T diagrams to know treatment.

Impacting mechanical response

through:

Precipitates from alloying Al with

Li, Zr, Hf,
Grain Boundaries

Wiley, from Callister and Rethwisch, Ed. 3 Chapter 11

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