Centrifugal Pumps part 1

By Jaswant Tawde

part of the Aker group

Pump Types
Dynamic (Centrifugal)
Positive Displacement

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 2 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

THEORY OF
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 3 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Pump Main Operating Parameters
Capacity
The liquid volume flow rate.
Units
US gallons per minute (g.p.m.),
Cubic feet per minute (ft3/min),
Cubic feet per second (cusec),
Cubic meters per hour (m3/hr),
Cubic meters per minute (m3/min)

Head
A Centrifugal pump imparts velocity to a liquid.
This velocity energy is then transformed largely into pressure energy as the liquid leaves the pump.
Therefore, the head developed is approximately equal to the velocity energy at the periphery of the
impeller

Head = V2/2g
V - Velocity at the tip of the impeller
g - Gravitational force

V=2**D*N

D - Diameter of the impeller

N RPM of the impeller

The approximate head can be calculated from the above formulas.

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 4 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Kinetic Principle

A pail of water swinging in a circle centrifugal force holds the water in

the pale a hole is bored at the bottom of the pale water will be
thrown out the distance the water traverses and volume that flows out
depends upon the velocity of the rotating pale

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 5 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Working of a Centrifugal Pump

Main Parts are

Impeller
Volute casing

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 6 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Working of a Centrifugal Pump
Impeller rotates exerting
centrifugal force on the liquid

Kinetic energy is created

Centrifugal force throws the liquid

out
Creating low pressure at the
suction eye
This forces new liquid into the
impeller inlet
Liquid thrown out of the impeller
is met with resistance to flow

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 7 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Working of a Centrifugal Pump

The first resistance is created by

the volute
As the liquid moves in the volute
towards the outlet it slows down
due to increasing cross sectional
area
As the liquid slows down its
velocity (kinetic energy) is
converted into pressure

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 8 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Relation between Head and
Velocity
Head = pressure in terms of height of liquid
v2
Head (m) =
2xg

v = velocity at periphery of impeller (m/s)

g = Gravitational acceleration (m/s2)

NxD
v (m/s) =
2.748

N = Impeller RPM
D = Impeller diameter (mm)

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 9 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Working of a Centrifugal Pump
The impeller is offset in the volute to
create a close clearance between the
impeller and the volute at the cut water

The kinetic energy given to the liquid is

proportional to the velocity at the edge of
the impeller vane tip.
Faster the impeller rotates or bigger the
impeller is, higher will be the liquid velocity
at the vane tip.

A centrifugal pump neither creates pressure nor does it suck, it

only provides flow. Pressure is just an indication of the amount
of resistance to flow!
Sep 7, 2017 Slide 10 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Why Head is used to measure
the energy of a centrifugal pump?

30 m 2.4 kg/cm2 30 m 3 kg/cm2 30 m 3.6 kg/cm2

Kerosene Water Brine

Sp.gr. 0.8 Sp.gr. 1.0 Sp.gr. 1.2
Sep 7, 2017 Slide 11 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Why Head is used to measure
the energy of a centrifugal pump?

37.5 m 3 kg/cm2 30 m 3 kg/cm2 25 m 3 kg/cm2

Kerosene Water Brine

Sp.gr. 0.8 Sp.gr. 1.0 Sp.gr. 1.2
Sep 7, 2017 Slide 12 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Why Head is used to measure
the energy of a centrifugal pump?
Pressure at any point in a liquid is caused by a vertical
column of liquid due to its weight.
Height of this column is called Static head and is
expressed in meters of liquid.
Head is a measurement of the height of a liquid column
that the pump could create from the kinetic energy
imparted to the liquid.
Pressure is dependent on the specific gravity of a liquid
but head is not.

A given pump with a given impeller diameter and speed will

raise a liquid to a certain height regardless of the weight of the
liquid!
Sep 7, 2017 Slide 13 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Cavitation
When the absolute pressure of the pumping liquid
reaches vapor pressure forms bubbles / cavities within
the liquid.
These cavities contain vapor and possibly some gases
coming out of liquid.
As the pressure increases in the flow path bubbles
collapse creating shocks.
This phenomenon is called cavitation.
During collapsing of bubble the shocks travel at the local
speed of sound and may cause local surface pressure
higher than the ultimate strength or fatigue limit of the
material.
This causes material break up, pitting and erosion
followed by corrosion.

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 14 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Flow Through Pump Inlet
Liquid moves through
decreasing cross-section area
(as in a Venturi).
Liquid velocity increases as
its pressure decreases not
only due to Venturi effect but
also frictional loss.
At the point of minimum
cross-section (impeller eye)
velocity is max and pressure
is min.
Pressure drops down
further due to shock &
turbulence as the liquid
strikes the edges of impeller
vanes.
Results in creation of low
pressure around the impeller
eye and beginning of impeller
vanes.
The Villain takes his toll now!
Sep 7, 2017 Slide 15 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 If the pressure drops below the vapour pressure of the liquid at the
operating temperature, the liquid will vapourise.

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 16 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 17 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Formation of Bubbles inside the liquid
New bubbles continue to form and older ones grow in size
Bubbles get carried by liquid at high velocity from impeller eye towards
impeller exit
Bubbles eventually reach the regions of high pressure within the impeller
The pressure outside of the bubble exceeds that inside of the bubble
Hundreds of bubbles collapse by bursting inwards (implosion, not
explosion!)
When bubbles collapse surrounding liquid rushes to fill the void forming a
liquid microjet
Creates highly localised hammering effect, pitting the impeller
An audible shock wave emanates outward from the point of collapse

Bubble Collapse pressures greater than 1GPa (10,000 bar) have been reported!

Life cycle of a bubble has been estimated to be in the order of 0.003 seconds!
Sep 7, 2017 Slide 18 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 This dynamic process of formation of bubbles
inside the liquid, their growth and subsequent
collapse is called CAVITATION.
Cavitation can be of two types
Vaporous: due to vaporisation of the liquid
Gaseous: due to formation of gas bubbles in a liquid
containing dissolved gas
Cavitation - Heart Attack of the Pump
Obstruction to flow
Impair performance reduce capacity and head
Abnormal noise and vibrations
Damage impeller and other sensitive components
A Centrifugal pump can handle air in the range of 1/2 % by volume. Cavitation
begins if this value is increased to 6%.
Sep 7, 2017 Slide 19 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Impeller Cavitation Regions

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 20 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Cavitation Pitting

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 21 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 NPSH
Pumps can only pump liquid, not vapours
1 cu. ft. of water at room temperature becomes 1700 cu. ft.
of vapour at the same temperature ! Hence, to pump a liquid
effectively, it must be kept always in liquid form

Rise in temperature and fall in pressure induces

vaporisation
The pump always needs to have a sufficient amount of
suction head present to prevent vaporisation at the lowest
pressure point in the pump

NPSH as a measure to prevent vaporisation

The NET POSITIVE SUCTION HEAD is the total head at
the suction flange of the pump less the vapour pressure
converted to fluid column height of the liquid
Sep 7, 2017 Slide 22 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 NPSH
NPSHr - Net Positive Suction Head Required
NPSHr is a function of the pump design
NPSHr is determined based on actual pump test by pump
manufacturer.
NPSHr is the positive head in meters absolute required at
the pump suction to overcome the pressure drop in the pump
and maintain the majority of the liquid above its vapour
pressure.
Net refers to the actual pressure head at the pump
suction flange and not the static suction head.
NPSHr increases as capacity increases
NPSHr is independent of liquid specific gravity

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 23 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 NPSH
NPSHa - Net Positive Suction Head Available
NPSHa is a function of the system design
NPSHa is calculated based on the system or process
conditions
NPSHa is the total suction head corrected to the centerline
of the first stage impeller less the vapour pressure head.
Net refers to the actual pressure head at the pump
suction flange and not the static suction head.
NPSHa is independent of liquid specific gravity

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 24 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Cavitation Damage on Pump Impellers

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 25 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Ways to Control Cavitation
Operator
Increase head level in the suction vessel
Increase pressure in the suction vessel if the liquid is not boiling
Shutdown the pump
Decrease pump discharge
Clean / remove inlet strainer
Designer
Increase suction line size
Raise suction vessel level
Raise suction vessel pressure
Lower suction vessel temperature
Use low pressure drop strainer
Use heavier liquid
Add cooler at the suction line before pump
Manufacturer
Use lower speed & bigger pump
Use large impeller eye and nozzle to lower NPSHr
For multistage pump, use double suction impeller for 1st stage
Add inducer
Improve surface finish of the impeller

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 26 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

NPSHA
NPSHA: The total suction absolute head, at the suction
nozzle, referred to the standard datum, minus the liquid
vapor absolute pressure head, at flowing temperature
available for a specific application. For reciprocating
pumps it includes the acceleration head. NPSHA
depends on the system characteristics, liquid properties
and operating conditions.

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 27 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

NPSHR
NPSHR: The minimum total suction absolute head, at
the suction nozzle, referred to the standard datum, minus
the liquid vapor absolute pressure head, at flowing
temperature, required to avoid cavitation.
For positive displacement pumps it includes internal
acceleration head and losses caused by suction valves
and effect of springs. It does not include system
acceleration head. NPSHR depends on the pump
characteristics and speed, liquid properties and flow rate
and is determined by vendor testing, usually with water.
Usually a safety margin of about 0.6 to 1 m of NPSHA
above NPSHR is adequate.
Cavitation causes noise, impeller damage, and impaired
pump performance.

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 28 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

NPSH Correction Factors
NPSHR is determined from tests by the pump
manufacturer using water near room temperature and is
expressed in height of water. When hydrocarbons or
high-temperature water are pumped, less NPSH is
required than when cold water is pumped. Hydraulic
Institute correction factors for various liquids are
reproduced in Fig. 12-9.
Some users prefer not to use correction factors to assure
a greater design margin of safety.

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 29 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Minimum Flow for Centrifugal Pump
Low flow causes safety, mechanical, and performance
problems which increase plant operating cost and
decrease reliability.
Overheating
Vibration from low flow operation increases the
frequency of seal, bearing, and coupling failures
Loss of performance
Loss of control
Noise

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 30 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Exception for not providing MCF Protection
Pumps can be operated intermittently at 50 percent of
continuous minimum flow. Intermittent duty is less than
eight hours duration at any one time and totaling less
than 25 percent of total operating time.
Pump delivering to multiple users (CW)

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 31 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Minimum Flow for Centrifugal Pump
Do not oversize pumps Continuous bypass
Use multiple pumps Automatic bypass control
Avoid use of high suction Variable speed drive
specific speeds Deadhead thermal protection
Allow excess NPSH available
Use cavitation resistant
materials

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 32 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 33 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 34 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 35 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 36 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 37 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 38 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

MOTOR POWER

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 39 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

SAFETY HAZARD WHEN PUMPAGE OVERHEATS

Fires, explosions, or leakage of pumpage to atmosphere.

Thermal expansion leading to casing rupture, seal
failure, or expansion of gasketed joints.
Cavitation
Thrust bearing failure or seizure of rotating parts.

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 40 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Methods of Pump Priming

Priming Chamber

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 41 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Methods of Pump Priming

To Vacuum
Pump

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 42 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Centrifugal Pump Types
Shaft Orientation:
Overhung / Between Bearing / Vertical
Number of Impellers:
Single stage / Multi stage
Flow:
Radial / Axial / Mixed
Casing:
Axial split / Radial Split
Casing Mounting:
Foot / Centerline

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 43 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Pump Coverage

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 44 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Shaft Orientation

Overhung

Between Bearing
(Simply supported)

Vertical

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 45 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Flow Direction

Axial

Radial

Mixed

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 46 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Type of Casing Split

AxialSplit RadialSplit

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 47 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Casing Mounting

Centreline
Foot

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 48 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Parts of Centrifugal Pumps

Discharge BackPullOutCasing

MechanicalSeal
Oil
Casing
Breather
CouplingGuard

VortexBreaker
OilSightGlass
EndSuction

Impeller
ImpellerVane OilSumpDrain

CasingDrain
RadialRollerBearing ThrustBearing

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 49 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Part of Centrifugal Pumps Axial Flow

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 50 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Function of Impeller & Casing
Impeller Moves the liquid in a vortex motion to a higher velocity
and higher pressure.
Casing
Volute casing
Pumped liquid is gradually decelerated in the involute casing.
Flow area of the volute gradually increases.
Liquid pressure increases as the velocity decreases.
Diffusion casing-
In large pumps instead of simple volute casing, stationary vanes
are installed into the volute. These are called diffusion casing.
More efficient conversion of velocity head into pressure head.

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 51 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Pump Impellers Single Suction
1a Closed Radial Impeller
1b Radial Impeller (with vanes extending into the eye)
Semi-Open Radial Impeller
1c Mixed Flow (Francis) Impeller
2 Open Radial Impeller
3 Mixed Flow (semi axial) Impeller
4 Axial Impeller (propeller)

1a 2 3 4 5

1b 1c

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 52 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Pump Impellers
1. Double Suction Closed Impeller
2. Semi Open Single Flow Impeller
3. Closed Single Flow Impeller
4. Straight Blade Impeller
5. Regenerative (Turbine) Impeller
1. 2. 3.
4.

5.

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 53 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Double Suction Impeller
Reduced Impeller
diameter - results in
reduction of overall pump
size.
More flow from smaller
size of pump.
NPSHR is less as pr. drop
from suction nozzle to
impeller is less.
Reduced axial thrust
results small thrust
bearing.
Two seals more
maintenance

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 54 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Pump Impellers Non-Clogging (Suspended Solids)

1. Closed two passage non clogging impeller

2. Closed single passage impeller
3. Open single vane impeller
4. Closed single vane impeller
5. Open two vane non clogging impeller

5.

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 55 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Pump Casings
Volute Casing Double Volute Casing Diffuser Casing

End Suction Volute Side Suction Volute Double Suction Volute

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 56 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Multistage Pumps
Used when required pressure cannot be achieved by
one impeller.
More than one impellers arranged in series on the same
shaft.
Normally all impellers are identical and results equal
pressure rise in each stage.
Discharge pressure is slightly lower than the sum of the
pressures developed by each stage, due to the inter
stage frictional losses.

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 57 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Multistage Pumps

Two Stage- Hori. Split Casing Multi Stage Axial Split Casing

Multi Stage Radial Split Casing

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 58 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Multistage Pumps - Impeller Arrangements

Single Stage
Two Stage Six Stage

Three Stage Double Flow

Single Stage, Double Flow

Two Stage Back to Back Four Stage Cross Over Six Stage Back to Back

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 59 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Two Stage Centrifugal Pump
1. Bearing 3 13
8 4
2. Bearing 7 8
3. Wear Ring
4. 2nd Stage Impeller 1
2
5. Discharge Nozzle
6. Suction Nozzle
7. Balance Line
8. Vent Line
9. Throat Bushing 9

10. Inter stage Bush

11. Shaft Sleeves 5
12. Drain Plug 10
13. Casings 6 12
11

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 60 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Multi-stage Centrifugal Pump - Opposed
Impellers
1. Thrust Bearing
2. Radial Bearing
3. Bearing Housing
4. Oil Ring
5. Stuffing Box
6. Suction Nozzle
7. Gland Grease Nipple
8. Stage Venting
9. Impeller & Casing Wear Rings 8
10. Inter stage Bearing
11. Casing Drain
12. Coupling 5 5 7
3 7 3 12
2 2
1

4 6 4
6 10 61
Sep 7, 2017 11
Slide 9
part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Multistage Centrifugal Pump Impeller in Series

1. Tie Rod 11 1 2 3 11 4
2. Piloting Connection
3. Casing Chamber
4. Thrust Bearing
5. Impeller
6. Diffuser
7. Axial Thrust Balancing
8. Radial Bearing
9. Impeller Keys
10. Shaft Sleeves
11. Mechanical 8 10 5 6 9 7 8

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 62 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Multistage Horizontal Barrel Type Centrifugal
Pump

Axial Thrust Balancing Device

Casing Cover Return Line

Bearing Housing 1st Stage Internal Casing Centre Line

Support

Impellers Barrel Casing

1st Stage Impeller

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 63 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Horizontal Multistage Axially Split Casing
Suction & Discharge nozzles are integral parts of the lower half
of the casing
Pump can be dismantled without disconnecting the piping.

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 64 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Horizontal Multistage Axially Split Casing
axial and radial bearings Upper Casing Half radial bearing

Balancing Drum

Balancing Drum Liner Seal Housing

Suction
Central Balancing Throat Bushing
Diffuser Drum

Lower Casing Half

Central Balancing
Discharge Drum Liner

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 65 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Magnetic Drive (Seal Less) Centrifugal Pump

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 66 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Vertical Centrifugal Pumps

Low NPSH(R).
Lowering the pump suction increases NPSH(A).
Limited Floor Space e.g. marine applications.
Easy to align as shaft alignment is not a requirement.

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 67 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Vertical Centrifugal Pumps

Types -
Dry Pit Pumps
Suction and discharge are connected to the
piping like horizontal pumps.

Wet Pit Pumps

Suction is submerged in operating liquid and
discharge is connected to the piping.

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 68 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Centrifugal In Line Mono Block (Dry Pit) Pump

Pump Out Vanes

Mechanical Seal for Axial Thrust Balance

Mechanical Seal
Flushing Line Radial Impeller

Volute Casing
Neck Bush
Wear Rings

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 69 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

High Speed Vertical Centrifugal Pump

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 70 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Vertical Dry Pit Pump
1. Bearing Housing
2. Closed Impeller 1.
7.
3. Gland
4. Packing
5. Suction Elbow 4.
6. Soleplate 3.
7. Bearings
8. Volute Casing 8.

2.

5.

6.

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 71 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Vertical Wet Pit (Sump) Pump 6.

1. Locknut
2. Ball Bearing 7.
3. Casing Back Cover
8.
1.
4. Double Volute Casing 12

5. Gland
13
6. Motor 2.

7. Motor Pedestal 5.
10
8. Shaft Coupling 11
9. Stuffing Box 9.

10.Sump Cover
11.Packing
3.
12.Thrust Bearing
13.Thrust Pedestal 4.

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 72 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Vertical Wet Pit (Sump) Pump

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 73 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Axial Thrust
Results from internal pressures acting axially on
the exposed areas of the rotating element.
Unbalanced axial thrust may create excessive
load on thrust bearing.
Calculation is difficult.

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 74 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Magnitude of Axial Thrust
The liquid pressure on the closed impeller shrouds is not uniform but
parabolic. For simplification of the calculations the parabolic
distribution can be ignored and instead an average uniform pressure
of 75% of the discharge pressure may be assumed as acting on the
shrouds.

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 75 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Balancing of Axial Thrust
Thrust bearing
Multistage pump with
impellers arranged in
two opposing groups.
Balancing drum

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 76 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Bearing Bracket

Thrust
Radial Bearing Bearings

Shaft

Deflector
Oil Seal
Oil Seal

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 77 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Need to Seal a Pump

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 78 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Stuffing Box / Seal Chamber
Shaft Protection Sleeve

Impeller

Shaft

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 79 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Need to Seal a Pump

Pump Environment
Wall

Shaft

Process
Fluid
Leakage

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 80 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 S e a l T yp es

G la n d P a c k in g M e c h a n ic a l S e a l

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 81 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Gland Packing
Stuffing Box
Gland

Shaft

Lantern Ring (Seal cage)

Shaft Sleeve
Packing

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 82 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal

Stuffing Box
Secondary Sealing Element (Seal Chamber)

Mating
Ring

Shaft

Primary Ring Secondary Sealing Element

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 83 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Principle Components

1. A rotating face (primary ring)

2. A stationary seat, (mating ring)

3. A secondary sealing element

4. A mechanical loading device to press face and

seat together, and

5. Auxiliary components

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 84 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Primary Ring Mating Ring
Assembly
Snap Ring
(Stationary)

O-Ring
O-Ring
Disk
Springs Mating Ring
Retainer
Set Screw

Seal Head
(Rotating)
Shaft

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 85 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Process Fluid Acts as Lubricant Between Faces
Pump Housing
Gland

Process Fluid

Primary Ring Mating Ring

Invisible Leakage:
Sep 7, 2017 Fluid Evaporates
Slide 86Upon Reaching Atmosphere
part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Without Lubrication, Faces Run Dry And Overheat

Pump Housing
Gland
No Fluid Or Dry Running

Primary Ring Mating Ring

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 87 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Heat Transfer
Conduction
Convection

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 88 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Flushing
Removes Heat
Replenishes Cool Clean Lubricating Liquid
Removes any solids
Injection

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 89 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Single Seal Flushing By - Pass from Discharge
(API Plan 11)
Discharge
By- pass Line from
Pump Discharge
to Seal Gland
Flow

Suction
Sep 7, 2017 Slide 90 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Balance Ratio

Balance ratio is used to control the face load.

Closing Force Opening Force

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 91 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Balance Ratio

Balance ratio is the ratio of the closing area

to the opening area.

A A
o
c

Closing Area
Balance Ratio =
Opening Area
Sep 7, 2017 Slide 92 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Balance Ratio
An Unbalanced Seal
Fc = p x Ac
P = Fc / Ao
= (p x Ac) / Ao

A A
c Fc o

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 93 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Balance Ratio
A Balanced Seal

Ac Ao

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 94 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Secondary Sealing Element

Static
Dynamic

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 95 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Secondary Sealing Element
Pusher Seal

O-ring must
move axially
Sep 7, 2017 Slide 96 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Secondary Sealing Element
Non Pusher Seal

Static O-ring

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 97 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Secondary Sealing Element

Elastomeric Half Teflon Welded Metal

Bellows Convolution Bellows Bellows

V Rings U Cup Wedge Encapsulated O Ring

O Ring

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 98 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal

Pusher vs. Non-Pusher

O-ring secondary seal Bellows secondary seal

must slide along shaft as expands to accommodate
seal face wears face wear. Bellows tail is
stationary against shaft

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 99 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
M o u n t in g T y p e

I n s id e M o u n t e d O u t s id e M o u n t e d

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 100 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Rotating Head and Rotating Seat

Rotating Head
{ Rotating Seat

{
Seal Head Seat Seat Seal Head
{

{
Stationary Rotating
Rotating Stationary

Advantages Advantages
Less Radial & Axial Space Requirements Higher Speed Capability
Lower Cost Tolerates Misalignment Better
Better Cooling
More suitable for high temperature
services

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 101 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Multiple Seal Arrangements
Classical Tandem

Process seal Backup seal

Classical Double

Process seal Barrier fluid seal

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 102 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Un-Pressurised Arrangement

Unpressurised
(Tandem)
Pressure

Process
Buffer Atmosphere

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 103 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Pressurised Seal Arrangement

PRESSURISED
(double)

Barrier
Pressure

Process
Atmosphere

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 104 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Categories of Mechanical Seal

Pusher / Bellows

Cartridge / Conventional

Wet Seals / Gas seals

Split / Whole

Single / Double

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 105 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Merits of Pusher & Non-Pusher Seals
PUSHER SEALS NON PUSHER SEALS
(NON BELLOWS) (BELLOWS)

O ring seals Metal Bellows

Wedge seals Rubber Bellows
PTFE Bellows

More material options No hang up

Higher Pressures Better abrasive handling
Easier to manufacture More tolerant to
misalignments

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 106 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Cartridge Seal

Metal
O-Ring Bellows

Elastomer
Bellows
Sep 7, 2017 Slide 107 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Merits of Cartridge Seals & Conventional Seals

CARTRIDGE SEALS CONVENTIONAL

(COMPONENT)

Easier to fit - reliable Less expensive

Factory set reliable Adaptable
Less downtime in
replacement

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 108 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Need for Flushing Plans & Sealing Systems
Pumped Liquid may be
Too hot
Too cold
Too viscous
Such a liquid if used for
Prone to solidify or crystallise seal flushing may
Abrasive damage the seal and
cause seal failure.
Close to boiling point Hence, the need to
Contains dissolved gases condition the liquid before
being used as a seal
The liquid can not get to the seals flushing liquid for
Dangerous liquid satisfactory seal
operation
Sensitive liquid
Sep 7, 2017 Slide 109 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Flushing Plans

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 110 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Flushing Plans

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 111 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Flushing Plans
Orifice plate

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 112 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Flushing Plans
Y Strainer
Orifice plate

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 113 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Flushing Plans
Orifice plate

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 114 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Flushing Plans

Orifice plate
Cooler

Temperature
Indicator

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 115 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Flushing Plans

Cooler

Temperature
Indicator

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 116 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Flushing Plans

Cooler

Temperature
Indicator

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 117 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Flushing Plans

Cyclone Separator

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 118 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Flushing Plans

Pressure
Indicator Non-return valve

Y Strainer

Temperature
Indicator

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 119 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Flushing Plans

Cyclone Separator
Cooler

Temperature
Indicator

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 120 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Flushing Plans

Orifice plate

Level Gauge

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 121 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Flushing Plans
Pressure Gauge Flow Indicator
Pressure Switch
Orifice plate

Level Gauge

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 122 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Flushing Plans
Pressure Gauge Flow Indicator
Pressure Switch

Level Gauge

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 123 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Flushing Plans

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 124 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Flushing Plans

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 125 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Mechanical Seal
Flushing Plans

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 126 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Effect of Impeller Diameter

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 127 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Special Purpose Centrifugal
Pumps
Subhadra Biswas
Date: 16.12.2005

part of the Aker group

 Introduction

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS BELONG TO THE CATEGORY OF DYNAMIC PUMPS WHERE

ENERGY IS CONTINOUSLY ADDED TO THE FLUID BY THE ROTATION OF AN
IMPELLER MOUNTED ON DRIVEN SHAFT.

CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
IT CONSISTS OF:
a. ROTATING ELEMENT(IMPELLER & SHAFT)
b. STATIONARY ELEMENT(CASING,STUFFING BOX & BEARINGS).

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 129 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Types Of Special Purpose Centrifugal Pumps
Sealless Pumps (API 685)
Sundyne Pump (API 610)
Rotojet Pump (API 610)
Can Pump (Vertical Configuration) (API 610)
Slurry Pump
Pump for Cryogenic service (ISO 24490:2005
Cryogenic vessels -- Pumps for cryogenic service)

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 130 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Sealless pumps
Types
Canned Motor Pump
Magnetic Drive Pump

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 131 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Sealless Pumps

Features
Zero Leakage
Hazardous substances (acids, ethylene oxide ,toluene, aniline,
hydrogen sulphide )
Fluids with maximum vapour pressures (HC, liquid gases
,propane, butane)
Highly radioactive liquids
Fluids with lowest viscosities(<0.1cP)
High pressure cycles with liquid substances or supercritical gases

Standard motors in explosion proof area (Magnetic Drive

Pumps)
Low operation & maintenance cost

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 132 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Canned Motor Pump

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 133 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Contd..

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 134 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Magnetic Drive Pump

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 135 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Pump Cut Section

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 136 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Multistage Magnetic Drive Pump

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 137 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Contd..

Applications
All application where no leakage (zero emmission )
Acrylic Fibre Plants (Critical Service)
HTM Circulation
Chemical/Petrochemical Plants
Film Processors
Laser
X-Ray cooling Systems
Medical, Scientific & laboratory Equipment
Silver recovery equipment

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 138 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

SUNDYNE PUMP
Features
Multi-Stage Performance with single stage simplicity
Unmatched performance in low flow, high head
application(1760m)
Compact size & in-line mounting minimise space
requirement.
Open clearance design does not use wear rings and
withstands dry running process

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 139 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

SUNDYNE PUMP

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 140 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Contd..
Applications

Petrochemicals & Petroleum refining

Reactor Feed
Recycle
Make-Up
Power Generation
Boiler Feed
Desuperheating & condensate services

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 141 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 ROTOJET PUMP
FEATURES
Smooth ,Pulsation free ,high pressure streams
Not multistage
Mechanical seal on suction side
Intermittent Operation (Full Flow to Shut-Off)

(Multistage pump at or near Shut-off bearing loads increase

substantially leading to premature failure of bearing)
Cheaper Compared to Sundyne
Low Speed operation
Head comparable to Sundyne.

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 142 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

ROTOJET PUMP

part of the Aker group

Figure 1
 Contd..

Applications
High Pressure appl. in Chemical & Petrochemical Industry
Carbon Black Plants (Primary Feed Stock Pumps,
Quench Water pumps)
BDO Project
Automotive Industry (Gun drilling)
Manufacturing cleaning system
High pressure wash application
Food Processing
Condensate Injection

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 144 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Vertical Can Type Pump

Vertical Bowl type pump with

closed impellers, enclosed in a
receiver can.
Low NPSH first stage impeller
for improved suction
performance.

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 145 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Centrifugal Pump For Cryogenic Service
Handling liquid nitrogen, oxygen & other liquidified gases
at lower temperatures.

Material of Construction
Monel
Bronze
Austenitic Stainless Steel

Mounted in insulated cold box.

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 147 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Critical Design features Of Cryogenic Pumps

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 148 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Contd..

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 149 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Vendors
Sealless Pumps
Magnetic Drive Pump-HMD, Klaus Union, Ansimag
Canned motor Pump-Nikkiso, Teikoku

Sundyne Pump
Sunstrand Corporation & Nikkiso Sunstrand

Rotojet Pump
ROTOJET-Part of Weir Pumps, DBIC Germany

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 150 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Contd..
Can Pump (Vertical Configuration)
Sulzer
Slurry Pump
Wilfley
Pump for Cryogenic service
Lawrence Pump Inc.

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 151 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 THANK YOU!!

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 152 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 Pump Family Curves

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 153 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 SPRAY
RING

PUMP
COLUMN

BOTTOM FILL
NOZZLE

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 154 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

 BOG 24
LNG FEED
RELIEF 6 24

Cool 4

LNG RECYCLE
PUMPOUT 16
???

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 155 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 156 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner

Sep 7, 2017 Slide 157 part of the Aker group

2007 Aker Kvaerner