Leadership Styles

What
What IsIs Leadership?

Leadership?
Leadership
The ability to influence a group
toward the achievement of goals
Management
Use of authority inherent in
designated formal rank to obtain
compliance from organizational
members
Both are necessary for
organizational success
12-1
Trait
Trait Theories
Theories of
of Leadership
Leadership
Theories that consider personality, social, physical, or
intellectual traits to differentiate leaders from
nonleaders
Not very useful until matched with the Big Five
Personality Framework
Essential Leadership Traits
Extroversion
Conscientiousness
Openness
Emotional Intelligence (Qualified)
Traits can predict leadership, but they are better at
predicting leader emergence than effectiveness.
12-2
Behavioral
Behavioral Theories
Theories of
of Leadership
Leadership
Theories proposing that specific behaviors differentiate
leaders from nonleaders
Differences between theories of leadership:
Trait theory: leadership is inherent, so we must identify the
leader based on his or her traits
Behavioral theory: leadership is a skill set and can be taught
to anyone, so we must identify the proper behaviors to teach
potential leaders
12-3
Important
Important Behavioral
Behavioral Studies
Studies
12-4
Contingency
Contingency Theories
Theories
While trait and behavior theories do help us
understand leadership, an important component is
missing: the environment in which the leader exists
Contingency Theory adds this additional aspect to our

understanding leadership effectiveness studies
Three key contingency models for leadership:

Fiedlers Model
Hersey and Blanchards Situational Leadership Theory
Path-Goal Theory
12-5
Fiedler
Fiedler Model
Model
Effective group performance depends on the proper
match between leadership style and the degree to which
the situation gives the leader control.
Assumes that leadership style (based on orientation revealed
in LPC questionnaire) is fixed
Considers Three Situational Factors:
Leader-member relations: degree of confidence and trust in
the leader
Task structure: degree of structure in the jobs
Position power: leaders ability to hire, fire, and reward
For effective leadership: must change to a leader who fits
the situation or change the situational variables to fit the
current leader
12-6
Graphic
Graphic Representation
Representation of
of Fiedlers
Fiedlers Model
Model
Used to
determine
which type
of leader
to use in a
given
situation
E X H I B I T 12-1
E X H I B I T 12-1
12-7
Assessment
Assessment of
of Fiedlers
Fiedlers Model
Model
Positives:
Considerable evidence supports the model, especially if the
original eight situations are grouped into three
Problems:
The logic behind the LPC
scale is not well understood
LPC scores are not stable
Contingency variables are
complex and hard to
determine
12-8
Situational
Situational Leadership
Leadership Theory
Theory
A model that focuses on follower readiness
Followers can accept or reject the leader
Effectiveness depends on the followers response to the
leaders actions
Readiness is the extent to which people have the ability
and willingness to accomplish a specific task
Ability to follow Willingness to Leadership Behavior
Follow
Unable Unwilling Give clear and specific directions
Unable Willing Display high task orientation
Able Unwilling Use a supportive and participatory

style
Able Willing Doesnt need to do much
12-9
Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.
12-10
Houses
Houses Path-Goal
Path-Goal Theory
Theory
Builds from the Ohio State studies and the expectancy
theory of motivation
The theory:
Leaders provide followers with information, support, and
resources to help them achieve their goals
Leaders help clarify the path to the workers goals
Leaders can display multiple leadership types
Four types of leaders:
Directive: focuses on the work to be done
Supportive: focuses on the well-being of the worker
Participative: consults with employees in decision making
Achievement-Oriented: sets challenging goals
12-11
Leader-Member
Leader-Member Exchange
Exchange (LMX)
(LMX) Theory
Theory
In-Group Out-Group
Members are Managed by formal
similar to leader rules and policies
In the leaders Receive less of the
inner circle of leaders attention /
communication fewer exchanges
Receives more More likely to
time and attention retaliate against the
from leader organization
Gives greater
responsibility and
rewards
12-12
Charismatic
Charismatic Leadership
Leadership
Charisma means gift in Greek
12-13
Charismatic
Charismatic Leadership
Leadership
How do charismatic leaders influence followers?
12-14
Transformational
Transformational Leaders
Leaders
Inspire followers to transcend their self-interests for the good of the organization
12-15
12-16
Trust
Trust and
and Leadership
Leadership
Trust a psychological state that exists when you agree
to make yourself vulnerable to another because you
have a positive expectation for how things are going to
turn out.
Key attribute associated with leadership
Followers who trust their leader will align their actions and
attitudes with the leaders behaviors/requests
12-17
How
How isis Trust
Trust Developed?
Developed?
12-18
Summary
Summary and
and Managerial
Managerial Implications
Implications
Leadership is central to understanding group behavior as the leader provides the
direction.
Extroversion, conscientiousness, and openness all show consistent relationships to

leadership.
Behavioral approaches have narrowed leadership down into two usable

dimensions.
Need to take into account the situational variables, especially the impact of
followers.
Research on charismatic and transformational leadership has made major

contributions to our understanding of leadership.
Leaders must be seen as authentic and trustworthy.
Investment must be made in the future through mentoring and training leaders.
12-19

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What

What IsIs Leadership?

Contingency Theory adds this additional aspect to our

Three key contingency models for leadership:

Unable Willing Display high task orientation

Able Unwilling Use a supportive and participatory

Extroversion, conscientiousness, and openness all show consistent relationships to

Behavioral approaches have narrowed leadership down into two usable

Research on charismatic and transformational leadership has made major

Leaders must be seen as authentic and trustworthy.

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