PROJECTION

PRADEEPSINGH
PROJECTION
Anykindofrepresentationofanobjectonapaper,screenorsimilarsurfaceby
drawingiscalledprojectionofthatobject.

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Principle of Projection :
Ifstraightlinesaredrawnfromvariouspointsofanobject
tomeetaplanethenitissaidthatobjectisProjectedon
thatplane.
Thesestraightlinesfromtheobjecttotheplanearecalled
projectors.
Thefigureformedbyjoiningthepointsatwhichthe
projectorsmeettheplaneiscalledProjectionofthatobject.
TYPESOFPROJECTION
OrthographicProjection:Projectionobtainedwhenprojectors
areparalleltoeachotherbutperpendiculartotheplaneof
projection.

PictorialProjection:Theprojectioninwhichthelength,height
anddepthareshowninoneview.

TypesofPictorialProjection:
I)Axonometric
II)Oblique
III)Perspective
Axonometricprojection:Whenprojectionisobtainedonplane
inclinedtoallthethreeprincipalplanes,thenItiscalled.
TypesofAxonometricprojection:
Isometric
Dimetric
Trimetric
ISOMETRICPROJECTION
Isometric Projection :
Theprojectionisobtainedonaplanewhichisequally
inclinedtoallthethreeprincipalplanes.
IsometricProjectionsandIsometricdrawingsare
representedontheplanepaperorsheetbydrawing
isometricaxes,isometriclinesandisometricplanes
Q.DrawtheIsometricviewofgivendiagram.
Solution
Q.DrawtheIsometricviewofgivendiagram.
Solution
Q.DrawtheIsometricviewofgivendiagram.
ORTHOGRAPHIC
PROJECTION
ORTHOGRAPHICPROJECTION
An orthographicprojection consistsof the viewobtainedview when
the object is viewed from very far away, so that the resulting rays
areallparallel.

Theparallelraysthatareusedforconstructingtheviewsarecalled
projectors.
OBSERVER MOVE AROUND
Top view

Front view Right side view

Depth
Width
Height
DefiningtheSixPrincipalViewsorOrthographicViews

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Principal planes in drawing

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 ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
Front View When the observer looks at the object from the front, the view
obtainediscalledthefrontview(FV)orElevation.FVisseenontheVP.
Top View When the observer looks at the object from above, the view
obtainediscalledtopview(TV)orplan.TVisseenontheHP.
SideViewsWhentheobserverlooksattheobjectfromside,i.e.,fromhisleft
hand side or right hand side, the viewobtained is called side view (SV).SVis
seenonthePP.
LeftHand Side View When the observer views the object from his left
handside,theviewobtainediscalledlefthandsideview(LHSV).
Right Hand Side View When the observer views the object from his right
handside,theviewobtainediscalledasrighthandsideview(RHSV).
Bottom View When the observer looks to the object from below, the view
obtainediscalledbottomview(BV)orbottomplan.
Rear View When the observer looks to the object from back, the view
obtainediscalledrearview(RV)orbackvieworrearelevation.
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 PROJECTION SYSTEMS
1. First angle system
- European country First Quadrant
- ISO standard

2. Third angle system

Third
Quadrant 21
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
1st angle system 3rd angle system

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 ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS
1st angle system 3rd angle system

Folding
line

Folding
line
Folding
line

Folding
line
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 ORTHOGRAPHIC VIEWS

1st angle system 3rd angle system

Top View Front View Right Side View

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The relationship on plane paper of the various
views in I angle

I-Angle
Right Front Left
View View View

Top
View
The relationship on plane paper of the various
views in III angle

III Angle Top

Left Front Right

First angle system Third angle system

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 Differenceinfirstandthirdangelprojection
FirstangleProjectionMethod
Infirstangleprojection,anobject isplacedinthefirstquadrant,
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i.e.,abovetheHPandinfrontoftheVP.
The object lies in between the observer and the plane of
projection.
The plane of projection is assumed to be non transparent and
viewsdrawnonit.
Frontviewisabovethereferenceaxisandtopviewliesbelowthe
referenceaxisexactlybellowthefrontview.
RighthandsideviewisdrawntoleftoffrontviewandLefthand
sideviewisdrawntotherightoffrontview.
Symbol

Third angle Projection Method In thirdangle projection, an 28

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Third angle
projection
method

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Why we are not using second and fourth angle projections ?

Thesecondandfourthangel
methodsarenotusedin
practicebecauseafter
rotatingthehorizontalplane
by90inclockwisedirection
thefrontviewandtopare
overlapping.Sowecannot
differentiatethefrontand
topvies.

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