UNIT 1 BASIC CONCEPTS

1.1- Software: System Software and Application Software

1.2 Algorithm.
1.3 Programming Language.
1.4 Software.
1.5 Programming (Coding).
1.6 Programming paradigms.
1.7 Text Editors.
1.8 Compilers and interpreters.
1.9 Executables.
1.10 Command Line.

PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS - HAZAEL GMEZ ENCINAS

UNIT 1 BASIC CONCEPTS

Software
Computer programs that control the
operation of the computer / computer
instructions or data. Anything that can
be stored electronically is software. The
storage devices and display devices are
hardware.

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PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS - HAZAEL GMEZ ENCINAS
1.1- SYSTEM AND APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Software is often divided into two categories.

Systems software includes the operating
system and all the utilities that enable the
computer to function. Applications software
includes programs that do real work for users.
For example, word processors, spreadsheets,
and database management systems fall under
the category of applications software.

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System software
Is an interface between application
software and hardware
Controls the computer hardware and acts
as an interface with applications programs

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SYSTEM SOFTWARE
Coordinates instructions between Software and hardware, Includes:
Operating systems and utility programs.
APPLICATION SOFTWARE
Programs used to complete taks. Some popular apps for desktop and mobiles:

PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS - HAZAEL GMEZ ENCINAS

 Operating
Application and
software systems
software

Users
Hardware

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OPERATING SYSTEM FUNCTIONS

Perform common computer hardware functions

Provide a user interface
Manage system memory
Manage processing tasks
Provide networking capability
Control access to system resources
Manage files

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User interface
A function of the operating system that allows
individuals to access and command the computer

Graphical user interface (GUI)

A user interface that uses pictures (icons) and
menus displayed on the screen to send commands
to the computer system
E.g. Windows, MAC OS
Command-based user interface
A particular user interface that requires text
commands be given to the computer to perform
basic activities
E.g., unix, DOS
SOME OF THE OPERATING SYSTEM TASKS
Memory management
Controls how memory is accessed and maximizes
available memory and storage
Use of virtual memory
This is the memory that allocates space in
secondary storage to supplement the immediate,
functional memory capacity of RAM
Multitasking
A processing activity that allows a user to run
more than one application at the same time

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 TYPES OF APPLICATION SOFTWARE

Proprietary
Designed to solve a unique and specific problem
In-house
Development of application software using the companys
resources
Contract
Developed for a particular company
Off-the-shelf
An existing software program that can be used without
considerable changes expected

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 Application
software

Proprietary Off-the-shelf
software software

In-house Customized Standard

Contract
developed package package

In-house Contract
customized customization

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1.2 ALGORITHM.
A process or set of rules to be followed in calculations
or other problem-solving operations, especially by a
computer.

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1.2 ALGORITHM.
Starting from an initial
state, the instructions
describe a
computation that,
when executed, proceeds
through a finite number
of states, eventually
producing "output and
terminating at a final
ending state.

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 1.2 ALGORITHM.
Flow Chart:
Is a type of diagram that represents an
algorithm, workflow or process, showing the
steps as boxes of various kinds, and their
order by connecting them with arrows.
Pseudocode:
A notation resembling a simplified
programming language, used in program
design.

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FLOWCHART PSEUDOCODE

Proceso arreglarLampara
Si LamparaConectada == True Entonces
Si BulboQuemado ==True Entonces
ReemplazarBulbo();
Sino
RepararLampara();
FinSi
Sino
ConectarLampara();
FinSi
FinProceso

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The friendship algorithm

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k0xgjUhEG3U
Flow chart: Pseudocode:

Start
Task: add two numbers
Get 2 numbers Start
Get two numbers
Add them
Add them Print the answer
End

Print answer

End

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WHAT ARE THOSE FUNNY SYMBOLS?

START/END

INPUT/OUTPUT

PROCESS

DECISION

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WHAT ARE THOSE FUNNY SYMBOLS?

START/END
Used at the beginning
and end of each
flowchart.

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WHAT ARE THOSE FUNNY SYMBOLS?

INPUT/OUTPUT
Shows when
information/data comes
into a program or is
printed out.

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WHAT ARE THOSE FUNNY SYMBOLS?

PROCESS
Used to show
calculations, storing of
data in variables, and
other processes that
take place within a
program.

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WHAT ARE THOSE FUNNY SYMBOLS?
DECISION
Used to show that the
program must decide
whether something
(usually a comparison
between numbers) is true
or false. YES and NO (or Y
X>7?
T/F) branches are usually
shown. N

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 FlowChart
CALCULATING AGE ALGORITHM
Start

Pseudocode
Get yr
Start
Get year born Calc age
Calculate age
Print age Print age
If age > 50 print OLD
End Y
OLD Age>50?
N
End

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1.3 PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES.
Programming languages
Coding schemes used to write both systems and
application software

Play Video

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CATEGORIES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Machine Language
1st generation programming language
Considered a low-level language because it involves basic
coding using the binary symbols 1 and 0
Assembly Language
2nd generation language
Replaced binary digits with mnemonics (e.g., ADD)
programmers could more easily understand
CATEGORIES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Third Generation Languages

Continued trend to more symbolic code (e.g. COBOL)

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CATEGORIES OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES

Fourth Generation Languages (4GLs)

Languages that are less procedural and even more English-like than third-generation
languages (e.g. Perl, PHP, Python, Ruby)
Fifth Generation Languages (5GLs)
is a programming language based on solving using constraints given to the program,
rather than using an algorithm written by a programmer. (ie: Prolog, OPS5 and
Mercury)

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You do not need to study this slide

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PROGRAMMING FUNDAMENTALS - HAZAEL GMEZ ENCINAS
1.4 SOFTWARE.
1.5 PROGRAMMING (CODING).
The action or process of writing computer programs.

Programming involves activities such as analysis,

developing understanding, generating algorithms,
verification of requirements of algorithms including their
correctness and resources consumption, and
implementation

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COMPILED CODE VS INTERPRETED CODE
Some programming languages (like Java or C++) require the
code to be compiled (translated to binary) before it can be
started.
Others (like PHP or JavaScript) are interpreted, meaning that
each command is translated separately when the program is
started.
WHAT DOES PROGRAMMING
LOOK LIKE?

Here are some examples of an instruction to

print Hola mundo
PHP echo Hola mundo;
JavaScript alert(Hola mundo);
Python (v3) PRINT (Hola mundo)
BASIC PRINT Hola mundo
Java System.out.print(Hola mundo);
C++ printf(Hola mundo);
Pascal WRITELN(Hola mundo);
Assembly XPRNT MESSAGE1
Language MESSAGE1 DC Hola mundo

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HOW DO YOU WRITE A PROGRAM?

Decide what steps are needed to complete the

task (THINK, this important step is usually
skipped)
Write the steps in pseudocode or using flowchart
(graphic symbols) if is necessary-
Translate into the programming language
Try out the program and debug it (fix if
necessary)

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 BASIC ELEMENTS OF A PROGRAM

All programming languages have certain features in common. For

example:
Variables
Commands/Syntax (the way commands are structured)
Loops
Decisions
Functions

Each programming language has a different

set of rules about these features.
 VARIABLES
Variables are part of almost every program.
A variable is a place to put data and is usually represented by a letter or a word.
(Think of a variable as a Tupperware container with a label on it.)
Variable names cannot contain spaces.
Some programming languages have very specific limits on variable names.
Usually there are several ways to put information into a variable. The most common
way is to use the equal sign (=).
X=7
Sometimes you must specify the type of data that will be placed in a variable.
Here are some examples of data types:
Numeric (numbers of all kinds)
String (text, strings of letters)
Integer (whole numbers)
Long (large numbers)
Boolean (true/false)

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COMMANDS/SYNTAX
Programming languages are truly languages.
They have rules about grammar, spelling, punctuation, etc.
You need to learn the rules of a programming language, just as you
learned to speak and write English.

LOOPS
A loop is a repetition of all or part of the commands in a program.
A loop often has a counter (a variable) and continues to repeat a
specified number of times.
A loop may also continue until a certain condition is met (e.g., until the
end of a file or until a number reaches a set limit)

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DECISIONS
You saw a flowchart symbol for decisions.
A program often needs to decide whether something is true or
false in order to see which way to continue.
Programs often use IF (or IF THEN or IF THEN ELSE) statements to
show a decision.

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 FUNCTIONS

In most programming languages, small sub-programs are used to perform

some of the tasks.
These may be called functions, subroutines, handlers, or other such terms.
Functions often have names (e.g., getName or calcularIva).
A function generally gets information from the main program, performs some
task, and returns information back to the program.
Functions follow the same rules of syntax, etc. as the main program.
JavaScript code is primarily made of a series of functions.

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DEBUGGING
To debug means to try a program, then fix any
mistakes.
Virtually no program works the first time you
run it. There are just too many places to make
errors.
When you are debugging a program, look for
spelling and punctuation errors.
Fix one error at a time, then try the program
again.

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Play video
Code stars

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1.6 PROGRAMMING PARADIGMS.

Programming paradigm is a fundamental

style of computer programming

Paradigms differ in concepts and abstractions

used to represent the elements of program

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FOUR MAIN PROGRAMMING PARADIGMS
Procedural/Imperative
Object-Oriented
Logic
Functional
IMPERATIVE PROGRAMMING
Derived from latin word imperare means to
command

It is based on commands that update

variables in storage

Is a programming paradigm that describes

computation in terms of statements that
change a program state.

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UNSTRUCTURED COMMANDS
The unstructured commands contains:
assignment command,
sequential composition of commands,
a provision to identify a command with a label,
unconditional and conditional GOTO commands

GOTO is the devil,

You should Keep
Away From It
CONTD..
The unconditional goto command has the form:
goto LABELi
The sequence of instructions next executed begin with the command labeled
with LABELi.

The conditional goto command has the form: <?php

if conditional expression then goto LABELi goto a;
echo 'Foo';

a:
echo 'Bar';
?>

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 STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING
The goal of structured programming is to provide control structures that
make it easier to reason about imperative programs.
an IF statement corresponds to an If condition then command and a DO
statement corresponds to a While condition Do command.

IF (something ==true) then command

DO --> command while (something ==true)

An imperative program can only be understood in terms of its execution

behavior.
Thus, the whole program may need to be examined in order to
understand even a small portion of code.

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PROCEDURAL PROGRAMMING
The program is built from one or more procedures

It provides a programmer a means to define

precisely each step in the performance of a task.

The ability to re-use the same code at different

places in the program without copying it.

An easier way to keep track of program flow than a

collection of "GOTO" or "JUMP" statements

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DECLARATIVE PROGRAMMING
Declarative programming is a non-imperative
style of programming

Does not explicitly list command or steps that

need to be carried out to achieve the results.

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A GREAT EXAMPLE OF DECLARATIVE
VS. IMPERATIVE PROGRAMMING
For example:
List<int> collection = new List<int> {1,2,3,4,5 };

Imperative programming
List<int> results = new List<int>();
foreach(var num in collection)
{
if (num % 2 != 0)
results.Add(num);
}

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EXAMPLE LANGUAGES
Procedural
Assembler, Fortran, Cobol, C, etc

Non-Procedural
SQL, Visual Basic, etc etc.

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FUNCTIONAL PROGRAMMING

It treats computation as the evaluation of

mathematical functions and avoids state and
mutable data.

It emphasizes the application of functions, in

contrast to the imperative programming style

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 LOGIC PROGRAMMING PARADIGM
It is the use of mathematical logic for computer programming

The problem-solving task is split between the programmer

and theorem-prover

Prolog is a general purpose logic programming language

associated with artificial intelligence and computational
linguistics

It is based on Facts and Rules

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OBJECT ORIENTED PARADIGM
Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming
paradigm that uses "objects" data structures
consisting of datafields and methods together with
their interactions to design applications and computer
programs.
It is a paradigm where we focus real life objects while
programming any solution.
We actually write behaviors of our programming
objects, those behaviors are called methods in objected
oriented programming.

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PRINCIPAL ADVANTAGE
They enable programmers to create modules that do
not need to be changed when a new type of object
is added.

A programmer can simply create a new object that

inherits many of its features from existing objects.

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 1.7 TEXT EDITORS.
Is a program designed
specifically for editing source
code of computer programs
by programmers.

Text editors are the most

fundamental programming
tool, as the fundamental job
of programmers is to write
and edit source code.
Developer-Poll: IDE/Editor

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1.8 COMPILERS AND INTERPRETERS.
Interpreter Compiler

Scans the entire program and

Translates program one statement at
translates it as a whole into machine
a time.
code.

It takes large amount of time to

It takes less amount of time to
analyze the source code but the
analyze the source code but the
overall execution time is
overall execution time is slower.
comparatively faster.

No intermediate object code is

Generates intermediate object code.
generated.

Continues translating the program

It generates the error message only
until the first error is met, in which
after scanning the whole program.
case it stops.

Programming language like PHP, Programming language like C, C++

Python, Ruby use interpreters. use compilers.

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COMPILED INTERPRETED
1.9 EXECUTABLE.
Executable causes a computer "to perform indicated
tasks according to encoded instructions.

These instructions are traditionally machine code

instructions for a physical CPU. However, in a more
general sense, a file containing instructions (such as
bytecode) for a software interpreter may also be
considered executable; even a scripting language
source file may therefore be considered executable in
this sense

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1.10 COMMAND LINE.
A command-line interface (CLI), is a means of
interacting with a computer program where the user (or
client) issues commands to the program in the form of
successive lines of text (command lines).

The interface is usually implemented with a command

line shell, which is a program that accepts commands
as text input and converts commands to appropriate
operating system functions.
systems are less widely used by casual computer users,
who favor graphical user interfaces.

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