- Protective relays can be classified based on technology or function. Common relay functions include overcurrent, distance, and differential protection.
- Overcurrent relays include definite time, instantaneous, inverse time, and IDMT relays. Inverse time relays have time-current characteristics that depend on the fault current magnitude.
- Protective schemes use one or more relays, and can be time graded, current graded, or a combination to achieve selectivity during faults. Time graded schemes use definite time relays with increasing time delays between zones. Current graded schemes use instantaneous overcurrent relays with increasing pickup currents between zones.
- Protective relays can be classified based on technology or function. Common relay functions include overcurrent, distance, and differential protection.
- Overcurrent relays include definite time, instantaneous, inverse time, and IDMT relays. Inverse time relays have time-current characteristics that depend on the fault current magnitude.
- Protective schemes use one or more relays, and can be time graded, current graded, or a combination to achieve selectivity during faults. Time graded schemes use definite time relays with increasing time delays between zones. Current graded schemes use instantaneous overcurrent relays with increasing pickup currents between zones.
- Protective relays can be classified based on technology or function. Common relay functions include overcurrent, distance, and differential protection.
- Overcurrent relays include definite time, instantaneous, inverse time, and IDMT relays. Inverse time relays have time-current characteristics that depend on the fault current magnitude.
- Protective schemes use one or more relays, and can be time graded, current graded, or a combination to achieve selectivity during faults. Time graded schemes use definite time relays with increasing time delays between zones. Current graded schemes use instantaneous overcurrent relays with increasing pickup currents between zones.
- Protective relays can be classified based on technology or function. Common relay functions include overcurrent, distance, and differential protection.
- Overcurrent relays include definite time, instantaneous, inverse time, and IDMT relays. Inverse time relays have time-current characteristics that depend on the fault current magnitude.
- Protective schemes use one or more relays, and can be time graded, current graded, or a combination to achieve selectivity during faults. Time graded schemes use definite time relays with increasing time delays between zones. Current graded schemes use instantaneous overcurrent relays with increasing pickup currents between zones.
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Classification of Protective Relays
Based on Technology
Based on Function Over current Relay
Definite time over current relay
Instantaneous over current relay Inverse time over current relay Inverse definite minimum time (IDMT) over current relay Very inverse time over current relay Extremely inverse time over current relay Overcurrent Protection Definite (Independent) Time Relays TIME
TOP
IS Applied Current (Relay Current Setting) Overcurrent Protection IDMT TIME
IS Applied Current (Relay Current Setting)
Inverse Definite Minimum Time characteristic
Inverse Time current characteristics Realization of Time current characteristics using EM relays By suitable design of magnetic circuit Saturation above a certain value of actuating current Below saturation inverse characteristic Above saturation straight line characteristic Saturation at pick up value Definite time characteristic Saturation at later stage IDMT characteristic Saturation at still later very inverse Saturation at a very late stage extremely inverse Relay Current Setting Over current relay Provided with tappings
Phase to phase fault protection 50%-200% -steps of 25%
If rating of the relay is 5 A
then 2.5A, 3.75A, 5A, 6.25A,, 10A
Earth fault protection - 20%-80% - steps of 10%
Normal current rating of earth fault relay 1 A
Time-current characteristic -current in ampere on X-axis
Different curves for the same relay for different settings
Time Current characteristics for 5 A current setting Time Current characteristics for 5 A current setting 12
10
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 Time Current characteristics for 10 A current setting 12
10
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 Time Current characteristics for two different settings of relay (5 A & 10 A) 12
Relay current setting = 200% of 5 A = 10 A Secondary current = 10 A ( current through relay) PSM = 10/10 = 1 Ex 2: If relay set at 50 % ; Relay current setting = 50% of 5 A = 2.5 A Secondary current = 10 A ( current through relay) PSM = 10/2.5 = 4 Ex 3: If fault current is 6000 A and CT ratio = 400/5 Then secondary current = 6000/80 = 75 A; Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM) for 5 A setting Plug Setting Multiplier (PSM) for 5 A & 10 A Time Multiplier Setting(TMS) Different operating times possible for the same relay By adjusting the angular distance by which the moving part of the relay travels for closing the relay contacts Can be set up to 10 steps from 0.1,0.2,..,0.9,1
Ex 4: For, TMS =1, if operating time = 4 s
then with TMS = 0.5 it will be 4x0.5= 2 s with TMS = 0.2 it will be 4x0.2= 0.8 s Note :All these op. times are for the same value of current Time Current characteristics for different time settings of relay Classification of Protective Schemes
To protect an equipment or section of the line
One or more relays of same or different types Classification of Protective Schemes
To protect an equipment or section of the line
One or more relays of same or different types Over Current Protective Schemes
Widely used for protection of distribution lines
Radial feeder sectionalized 2 or 3 relays used Relays must be selective with each other Over current Protective Schemes For proper selectivity Time Graded System Current Graded System A combination of time and Current Grading Time Graded system Definite time overcurrent relays Preset time independent of fault current Definite time relays are cheaper than IDMT Relays Starts a timing unit to trip the circuit breaker Operating time is in increasing order Difference in time settings of adjacent relays To cover operating time of circuit Breaker To cover errors in relay usually 0.5 sec More accurate relays and fast CB can reduce the difference in the time Time graded overcurrent protection
Faults near the power source
Involves a large current Most destructive Should be cleared quickly Time graded system takes longest time Suitable when impedance between substations is low Current graded system
Pick-up current in increasing order
High speed instantaneous over current relays Operating time same for all relays Combination of Current and Time Grading PROTECTION OF PARALLEL FEEDERS
For reliability of power supply to all consumers even during faults in one path ring main feeder is used . In this feeder an alternative path is established to load end and power is supplied without any interruption . PROTECTION OF RING MAINS
