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    Lesson 11

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    Vienna Corrine Q. Abucejo
    Logic (from the Greek "logos", which has a variety of meanings including word, thought, idea, argument, account, reason or principle) is the study of reasoning, or the study of the principles and criteria of valid inference and demonstration.

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    Lesson 11

    Uploaded by

    Vienna Corrine Q. Abucejo
    304 views15 pages
    Logic (from the Greek "logos", which has a variety of meanings including word, thought, idea, argument, account, reason or principle) is the study of reasoning, or the study of the principles and criteria of valid inference and demonstration.

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    lesson-11

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    Logic (from the Greek "logos", which has a variety of meanings including word, thought, idea, argument, account, reason or principle) is the study of reasoning, or the study of the principles and criteria of valid inference and demonstration.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    304 views15 pages

    Lesson 11

    Uploaded by

    Vienna Corrine Q. Abucejo
    Logic (from the Greek "logos", which has a variety of meanings including word, thought, idea, argument, account, reason or principle) is the study of reasoning, or the study of the principles and criteria of valid inference and demonstration.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    Mood and Figures of

    Syllogism
    The mood of a categorical syllogism refers to the
    order of propositions. This order is determined
    by the letter symbol of the component
    proposition: major premise, minor premise, and
    conclusion. For example, if the major premise
    is an A proposition, the minor premise is I
    proposition and the conclusion an O
    proposition, the mood is AIO
    Ex.
    (A) All physicians are doctors.
    (A) All surgeons are physicians.
    (A) Therefore, all surgeons are doctors.
    The mood of this syllogism is AAA.

    (E) No Americans are Filipinos.


    (I) Some doctors are Filipinos.
    (O) Therefore, some doctors are not
    Americans.
    The mood of this syllogism is EIO.
    The possible Valid
    Moods
    Rule violated 4 4 3 55 4 5 4
    Major premise A A A A E E E E I I I I O O O O
    Minor premise A E I O A E I O A E I O A E I O
    Conclusion A E I O E O I O
    The Possible Arrangements of Moods
    A E I O
    1 AAA EAA IAA OAA
    2 AAE EAE IAE OAE
    3 AAI EAI IAI OAI
    4 AAO EAO IAO OAO
    5 AEA EEA IEA OEA
    6 AEE EEE IEE OEE
    7 AEI EEI IEI OEI
    8 AEO EEO IEO OEO
    9 AIA EIA IIA OIA
    10 AIE EIE IIE OIE
    11 AII EII III OII
    12 AIO EIO IIO OIO
    13 AOA EOA IOA OOA
    14 AOE EOE IOE OOE
    15 AOI EOI IOI OOI
    16 AOO EOO IOO OOO
    The figures of categorical syllogisms:
    The figure of a categorical syllogism refers to the
    arrangement of the middle term in the premises.

    First figure: the middle term is the subject in the major


    premise and the predicate in the minor premise.
    Ex.
    M is P All schools are learning institutions.
    S is M UP is a school.
    S is P UP is a learning institution.
    Second figure: the middle term is the predicate in both
    the major and minor premises.
    Ex.
    P is M All dogs are barking animals
    S is M No cats are barking animals.
    S is P No cats are dogs.
    Third figure: the middle term is the subject in both the
    major and minor premises.

    Ex.
    M is P Some men are bachelors.
    M is S All men are creatures.
    S is P Some creatures are bachelors.
    Fourth figure: the middle term is the predicate in the
    major premise and the subject in the minor
    premise.
    Ex.
    P is M All marines are soldiers.
    M is S No soldiers are beauticians.
    S is P No beauticians are marines.

    8
    Venn Diagram for Categorical Propositions

    1 2 3

    1. Circles. The diagram shows two circles. One circle


    represents the subject term and the other circle
    represents the predicate term. The two circles
    overlap each other forming three areas: 1, 2, 3.
    2. Sets. The diagram has four areas and each
    area is known as a set.
    Area 1 is set A (A that are non-B).
    Area 2 is a union set (A that are B).
    Area 3 is set B (B that are non-A).
    Area 4 is a universal set (non-A and non-B).
    Ex. Students are learners.
    Area 1 is set A (students who are non-learners).
    Area 2 is a union set (students who are learners).
    Area 3 is set B (learners who are non-students).
    Area 4 is a universal set (non-students and non-
    learners).
    2. Sets Members. The members of each set can be
    determined through the following identifications:
    blank, shaded, and X.
    Blank. Any set that is blank represents a set that has
    members.

    Shaded. Any set that is shaded represents a set that is


    empty or has no members.

    X. Any set with X represents a set has one or more


    members.
    X
    1. A Propositions (universal affirmative)
    Ex. All nurses are professionals.

    S P

    Area 1 means nurses who are non-professionals


    never exist.
    Area 2 nurses who are professionals
    Area 3 professionals who are not nurses
    2. E Propositions (universal negative)
    Ex. No nurses are professionals.

    S P

    Area 2 means nurses who professionals never exist.


    Area 1 nurses who are non-professionals
    Area 3 professionals who are non-nurses
    3. I Propositions (particular affirmative)
    Ex. Some nurses are professionals.

    X
    S P
    Area 1 Its members are nurses who are non-
    professionals
    Area 2 It is marked with X nurses who are
    professionals
    Area 3 professionals who are non-nurses
    4. O Propositions (particular negative)
    Ex. Some nurses are not professionals.

    S P

    Area 1 It is marked with X nurses who are non-


    professionals
    Area 2 nurses who are non-professionals
    Area 3 professionals who are non-nurses

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