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Load Duration Curve

The document discusses load duration curves, which graphically show the variation of electrical load over time. Load duration curves are used in power system planning, reliability studies, and energy pricing. They can represent load variations daily, monthly, or yearly. Factors like demand factor, maximum demand, average load, diversity factor, capacity factor, and availability factor affect load estimation. Load duration curves can illustrate the behavior of different types of loads like industrial, commercial, and residential. The document also provides an example calculation of estimating total load for a given area.

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Hesham Tex
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4K views24 pages

Load Duration Curve

The document discusses load duration curves, which graphically show the variation of electrical load over time. Load duration curves are used in power system planning, reliability studies, and energy pricing. They can represent load variations daily, monthly, or yearly. Factors like demand factor, maximum demand, average load, diversity factor, capacity factor, and availability factor affect load estimation. Load duration curves can illustrate the behavior of different types of loads like industrial, commercial, and residential. The document also provides an example calculation of estimating total load for a given area.

Uploaded by

Hesham Tex
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Load Duration Curve

:Main concept
Power system planning, operation and maintenance need -
to deal with load data, the load data could be recorded
in different ways, one of these methods is to record the
daily peak load, the other way is to record the hourly
. load data in which the total data for a year
The load curve is a graph showing the variation of load -
on the power station with respect to time, in which the
x-axis shows how many hours the load was equal or
. greater than the load level shown in the y-axis
LDC is used in different studies, such as power system -
.planning, reliability study, energy pricing,etc
.Fig:1 Actual Load Duration Curve
.Fig:2 Theoretical Load Duration Curve
Load Duration Curve is represented on different types
: respecting to time, such as
:Daily load curve
Load variations during the day ( 24Hrs ), recorded either half-
.hourly or hourly
:Monthly load curve
.Load variations during the month at different times of the day
:Yearly load curve
Load variations during the Year, this is derived from monthly
.load curves of a particular year
There are many factor affecting on load estimation at power
:station such as
Demand Factor ( Dem.F ):
It is the ratio of maximum demand to connected load.
.It is usually less than 1

MD : Maximum demand

:Maximum Demand ( MD )
The greatest demand of load at the power station during a given
.period
.The highest peak on the power station load curve
: Average load
This is the average of loads occurring on the power station in a
.given period
.Fig:3 Load Duration Curve
:Diversity Factor ( DF )
The ratio of the sum of all individual maximum demands on
the power station to the Maximum demand on the station.
Consumer maximum demands don't occur at the same
time ,thus the maximum demand on power station will
.always be less than the sum of individual demands
High DF = Low MD = Low plant capacity
Diversity factor is usually less than one, probably equal 80%
:Capacity Factor
The capacity factor for a power plant is the ratio between average
load and rated load for a period of time and can be expressed as
       μcf =(100)Pal/Prl
where
)%( μcf=Capacity factor
Pal= average load for power plant for a period (KW)
)Prl=Rated capacity for the power plant (KW)
Load Factor
Load factor for a power plant is the ratio between average load and
peak load and can be expressed as
       μlf=(100)Pal/Ppl
where
)%( μlf=Load factor
Ppl= Peak load for the power plant in the period (KW)(max load)
Combined cycle gas plant, about 60%
:Availability Factor
The availability factor of a power plant is the amount of time that
it is able to produce electricity over a certain period, divided
.by the amount of the time in the period
The availability of a power plant varies greatly depending on the
type of fuel, the design of the plant and how the plant is
operated. everything else being equal, plants that are run less
frequently have higher availability factors because they
.require less maintenance
Most thermal power stations, such as coal, geothermal and
nuclear power plants, have availability factors between 70%
.and 90%
* The following figures showes the behavior of
load duration curve with a diffefent kinds of
applications such as:
- Industrial application
- Commertial aplication
- Residential application
Fig.4: Load duration curve for industrial application
Fig.5: Load duration curve for commercial application
Fig.6: Load duration curve for residential application
.Case study from the Egyptian code
For Green Area
KW for 100 m² 2

For Streets area


KW for 100 m² 2

For Commercial and administrative area


KW for 100 m² 12

For Residential area


KW for 100 m² 8
:for our Case Study
assume 450000 m² Green area
assume 50000 m² Streets area
assume 150000 m² Commercial and administrative area
assume 350000 m² Residential area
Soution
for Green area load = 450000 * 0.02 = 8000 KW
for Streets area load = 50000 * 0.02 = 1000 KW
= for Commercial and administrative area Load
KW 18000 = 0.12 * 150000
for Residential area Load = 350000 * 0.08 = 28000 KW
Diversity factor = 0.64
Total load = 56000*0.64 = 35840 KW
At least 15 - 20% of extra capacity for future
.expansion should be allowed for
Total load = 42 MW
*the load required from the power station*
This load will be divided into three units one of them
18MW and anther two units each equal 12 MW and it
will be another unit 18 MW (stand by)
New trends
In new application the calculation of load do not
depend on the type of area only but it depend
on the demand of all things on the location
such as in domestic application the load
calculation depend on demand of lighting,
.refrigerator ,freezer ,AC ,washing machine
Fig.7: Load duration curve for domestic application
To determine the maximum diversified demand for a given
: saturation level and appliance, the following steps are taken
Determine the total load of appliances by multiplying the total -1
number of customers by the percent saturation
Read the corresponding diversified demand per customer from -2
the curve, [Fig:7], for the given number of appliances
Determine the maximum demand, multiplying the demand by -3
found in step 2 by the total number of appliances
Finally, determine the contribution of that type of load to the -4
group maximum demand by multiplying the results value from
step 3 by corresponding hourly variation factor found from
.figure 7
.Table 1 shows the demand in a typical domestic application

Rated power (watt) Appliances

500 AC
160 Freezer
50 Fan
68 Refrigerator
60 TV
10 Video
1000 Washing machine
8 Cassette recorder
2 Lights
10 Vent. Fan

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