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Piezo Material

The document discusses the direct and inverse piezoelectric effects. The direct effect occurs when a piezoelectric material generates an electric potential when subjected to mechanical stress. The inverse effect occurs when an electric field causes the material to lengthen or shorten. Piezoelectric materials include crystals like quartz as well as man-made ceramics. These materials have a wide variety of applications including sensors, actuators, generators, and more.

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ankit
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82 views15 pages

Piezo Material

The document discusses the direct and inverse piezoelectric effects. The direct effect occurs when a piezoelectric material generates an electric potential when subjected to mechanical stress. The inverse effect occurs when an electric field causes the material to lengthen or shorten. Piezoelectric materials include crystals like quartz as well as man-made ceramics. These materials have a wide variety of applications including sensors, actuators, generators, and more.

Uploaded by

ankit
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Direct Piezoelectric Effect

Piezoelectric Material will generate electric


potential when subjected to some kind of
mechanical stress.
The direct Effect : Generator
Compression
F
Effect: Decrease in volume
and it has a voltage with
the same polarity as the
material

F
Tension
Effect: Increase in volume
and it has a voltage with
opposite polarity as the
material
Inverse Piezoelectric Effect

If the piezoelectric material is exposed to


an electric field (voltage) it consequently
lengthens or shortens proportional to the
voltage.
The Inverse Piezoelectric Effect

If the applied voltage has


the same polarity then
the material expands.

If the applied voltage has


the opposite polarity then
the material contracts.
Developing theories
Pierre and Jacques Curie predicted and
demonstrated the piezoelectric effect using
tinfoil, glue, wire, magnets, and a jewelers saw.
They showed that crystals of tourmaline, quartz,
topaz, cane sugar, and Rochelle salt generate
electrical polarization from mechanical stress.
The converse effect was mathematically derived
by Gabriel Lippman in 1881 using fundamental
thermodynamic principles and was later
experimentally confirmed by the Curies.
How are Piezoelectric ceramics
made?
Fine powders of the component metal oxides are mixed
in specific proportions, then heated to form a uniform
powder.
The powder is mixed with an organic binder and is
formed into structural elements.
The elements are fired according to a specific time and
temperature program, during which the powder particles
sinter and the material attains a dense crystalline
structure.
The elements are cooled, then shaped or trimmed to
specifications. Electrodes are applied to a conducting
material, which is connected to the elements.
Crystal Structure and
Dipole Moments
A traditional piezoelectric ceramic is a
mass of perovskite crystals. Each crystal
consists of a small tetravalent metal ion,
usually titanium or zirconium, in a lattice
of larger divalent metal ions, usually lead
or barium, and O2- ions
At temperatures below the Curie point,
however, each crystal has tetragonal or
rhombohedral symmetry and a dipole
moment. Above the Curie point each
perovskite crystal in the fired ceramic
element exhibits a cubic symmetry with
no dipole moment.
Polarizing Piezoelectric Material
Adjoining dipoles form regions of local alignment called domains.
The alignment gives a net dipole moment to the domain, and thus a
net polarization. The direction of polarization among neighboring
domains is random, however, so the ceramic element has no overall
polarization.
The domains in a ceramic element are aligned by exposing the
element to a strong, direct current electric field, usually at a
temperature slightly below the Curie point
When the electric field is removed most of the dipoles are locked
into a configuration of near alignment
Types of Piezoelectric Materials
Naturally occurring crystals:
Berlinite (AlPO4), cane sugar, Quartz, Rochelle salt, Topaz,
Tourmaline Group Minerals, and dry bone (apatite crystals)

Man-made crystals:
Gallium orthophosphate (GaPO4), Langasite (La3Ga5SiO14)

Man-made ceramics:
Barium titanate (BaTiO3), Lead titanate (PbTiO3), Lead zirconate
titanate (Pb[ZrxTi1-x]O3 0<x<1) - More commonly known as PZT,
Potassium niobate (KNbO3), Lithium niobate (LiNbO3), Lithium
tantalate (LiTaO3), Sodium tungstate (NaxWO3), Ba2NaNb5O5,
Pb2KNb5O15

Polymers:
Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)
Sonic and Ultrasonic Applications
Sonar with Ultrasonic
time-domain
reflectometers
Materials testing to detect
flaws inside cast metals
and stone objects as well
as measure elasticity or
viscosity in gases and
liquids
Compact sensitive
microphones and guitar
pickups.
Loudspeakers
Pressure Applications
Transient pressure measurement to
study explosives, internal combustion
engines (knock sensors), and any
other vibrations, accelerations, or
impacts.
Piezoelectric microbalances are used
as very sensitive chemical and
biological sensors.
Transducers are used in electronic
drum pads to detect the impact of the
drummer's sticks.
Energy Harvesting from impact on the
ground
Atomic force and scanning tunneling
microscopes.
Electric igniters and cigarette lighters
Consumer Electronics Applications
Quartz crystals resonators as
frequency stabilizers for
oscillators in all computers.
Phonograph pick-ups
Accelerometers: In a
piezoelectric accelerometer a
mass is attached to a spring
that is attached to a
piezoelectric crystal. When
subjected to vibration the
mass compresses and
stretches the piezo electric
crystal. (iPhone)
Motor Applications
Piezoelectric elements can be
used in laser mirror alignment,
where their ability to move a large
mass (the mirror mount) over
microscopic distances is exploited.
By electronically vibrating the
mirror it gives the light reflected
off it a Doppler shift to fine tune
the laser's frequency.
The piezo motor is viewed as a
high-precision replacement for the
stepper motor.
Traveling-wave motors used for
auto-focus in cameras.
Our Experiment

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