PRESENTATION BY

M.Karthi
A+ Trainer
Mazenet Solution -Salem
 A machine that can be programmed to :
Receive information.
Process the information according to a
set of suitable instructions.
Display desired result information.

A computer can also be used to store

information whenever required

It is a device capable of performing

arithmetic and logical operations
 Desktop computers are designed to fit comfortably on top of a desk,
typically with the monitor sitting on top of the computer
They are broad and low, whereas tower model computers are narrow and
tall
They are widely used in homes and offices
A laptop is much smaller and lighter than even
the most compact PC tower

Is more expensive than a Desktop and can run on

inbuilt batteries for a limited period of time

Also referred as a Notebook, the screen and

keyboard are integrated into a single unit

It comes in a spacious case with lots of room for

air circulation
The physical components of a computer system that can be touched and
felt.
 Storage

permanent
Disk/CD

CPU
Keyboard
Monitor
Scanner Control ALU Printer
Diskette Unit CD-ROM
CD-ROM
Temporary
Storage RAM
Input Output

Processing
Lets take a look and try to identify the components displayed here

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Devices that allow the user to enter data into the
computer

Some common input devices are -

Keyboard

Mouse

Scanner
 Key Board

A set of typewriter-like keys that enables the user to enter data into the
computer

Translates keystrokes into letters or numbers

The letters are then interpreted

Commands are executed based on the

instructions given

Wireless keyboard
 Mouse

A device that enables the user to control the cursor / pointer on the monitor

Senses movement across a flat surface and transmits that

information to the computer

Equipped with 1-3 buttons, each for a specific function

 Types of Mouse
Mechanical Mouse

Has a rubber ball placed on its underside that can

roll in any direction
Has a sensor that detects the direction the ball is
rolling in and moves the pointer/cursor
accordingly

Optical Mouse
Uses a light source (LED / photo-diode /
laser) to detect motion rather than a moving
part (ball)
Is easier to maintain and lasts longer, as the
moving part has been eliminated
 Scanner
A device that can read text or illustrations printed on a paper and translate
the information into digital form
A scanner works by digitizing an image - dividing it into a grid of boxes

and representing each box with either a zero or a one, depending on whether
the box is filled in

Can you name any other input devices you know?

Devices that display the desired results to the user

Some common output devices are -

Monitor

Printer

Speaker
Cathode Ray Tube
Is bigger and bulkier when compared to the more
modern flat screens
Consumes more power when compared to flat
screens
A beam of electrons lights up pixels on the screen.
 Flat Screens
Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)
Consumes less power and occupies less space, owing to
its flat nature
Reflective twisted pneumatic liquid crystal display
Commonly used in notebooks, mobile phones,
calculators etc.
Gas Plasma
Is also flat, but consumes more power than LCD displays
A grid of conductors are sealed between two flat plates of
glass; neon and/or argon gas fills the space between the
plates
Commonly used for TV displays
Has a larger maximum practical size & better viewing
angle than LCDs
 Allows the user to listen to music,
or hear sounds generated from the
computer
Converts electrical energy to
acoustic energy
A printer is a device that prints text or illustrations on paper, transparent
sheets, etc.

Three of the commonly used printer types are -

Dot matrix

Ink jet

Laser jet
 Creates characters by striking pins
against an ink ribbon
Each pin makes a dot, and the
combination of dots form characters
and illustrations
Most economical way to print
information
 It sprays very small, precise amounts of ink on to the medium
(paper etc.)
Produces high quality text and graphics
Works by adhering toner to a light-sensitive print drum
Uses static electricity to transfer the toner to the paper to which it is fused
with heat and pressure
Produces very high quality text and graphics
Is more expensive compared to the inkjet printer
 What type of printer is this?

Identify the type of monitor -

Inkjet

Give me a toner for my printer.

LCD
Whats the type of printer?
Laser
 Floppy Disk
A magnetic storage medium encased in a square or
rectangular plastic wallet
A 3 inch floppy stores 1.44MB
CD-ROM
A polycarbonate disc with one or more metal layers capable
of storing digital information
It can store up to 700MB
USB Flash Drive
Small, lightweight, removable, re-writable, USB
enabled memory device
Storage capacity ranges from 128 MB to 4 GB
Can you name any other storage devices you know?
 PC Tower
Also known as the case, is usually made of steel, aluminum or plastic
and encloses all the electronic components that make a computer
Several common styles of cases are in use today, some of which are -

Full Tower Mid Tower Mini Tower Desktop

20 to 25 tall 16 to 19 tall 12 to 15 tall 5 to 7 high

(lies horizontally)
Inside the PC Tower
 SMPS

Stands for Switch Mode Power Supply

Is an electronic power supply unit (PSU) for the
computer
Has a switching regulator an internal control circuit
that switches the load current rapidly on and off in order
to stabilize the output voltage
Converts voltage from the mains (110 / 220 V) to
required voltage (DC 5/12 V)
AT (Advanced Technology) Connector

A connector that connects the power supply unit (PSU)

to the various components in the computer through the
motherboard

AT connector contains 6+6 pins

Both black (connector) wires should

be facing each other while we connect
them
 AT (Advanced Technology) Connector
If the Mother board uses AT connector, the computer displays It is now
safe to turn off the computer.

The power button can be pressed once this message appears, to switch off
the computer.
 SMPS Connectors
ATX (Advanced Technology Extended) Connector

ATX Connectors contains 20 pins (10 in a row)

The computer shuts down without the user having to press the power
button
The primary circuit in the computer
 BIOS
PCI SLOT

AGP Slot
RAM slot

Speakers

Processor
Socket
RJ 45

USB
Parallel Port
Serial Port
PS/2 Keyboard Monitor
Popular Processors
 Processor
Central Processing Unit ( CPU )

The primary chip of the system that manages

all the other components of the computer

A processor is the logic circuit that responds to

and processes the basic instructions that drives
the computer

The brain of the computer, it controls the

execution of program instructions
1. Raise the locking lever align the
chip, and gently insert it

2. One corner has a missing pin, an

arrow, and a beveled edge, and
theres a corresponding corner on
the socket

3. Lock the chip in place with the

locking lever

Note: Socket is a Zero insertion

force socket and doesnt need any
force to insert a chip. The chip goes
in only one way
 Hard disk
Stores data on a magnetic surface layered onto hard disk platters
Each platter has a smooth magnetic surface on which digital data is
stored
Capacity of hard disks usually is measured in gigabytes (GB)
 IDE, also known as AT
Attachment (ATA), is a standard
interface for connecting storage
devices such as hard disks and CD-
ROM drives inside personal
computers
There are two different ATAs
namely the Serial ATA and Parallel
ATA

HDD Install with IDE

 SATA stands for Serial Advanced Technology Attachment
Standard

Transfer rates for Serial ATA begin at 150Mbps

One of the main design advantages of Serial ATA is that the

thinner serial cables facilitate more efficient airflow inside a form
factor and also allow for smaller chassis designs

SATA replaces the IDE

Cable Front View SATA hard disk

SATA Cable
SATA Connector
Small Computer Systems Interface (SCSI pronounced scuzzy) is a popular
PC drive interface in use today in critical applications and servers.
 SCSI Controller

CD-
Intern ROM
al

Chain

Hard
Disk
The last device in both internal
chain and external chain should
be terminated

Termination : All the devices that is connected to the controller will have a terminator. If
the new device sits in the end of the SCSI chain, the device that occupied the end of the
chain prior must have its termination disabled, or you will never see the new device
 Its a working memory of a computer where data
and programs are temporarily stored

Memory or RAM is a type of computer storage

whose contents can be accessed in any order

RAM is a volatile memory. Data in RAM stays as

long as computer is running. When switched off,
RAM loses its data
 Cache RAM

Processor

Cache memory is a Random Access Memory (RAM) that a Microprocessor can access more
quickly than it can access regular RAM. As the Microprocessor processes data, it looks first in
the cache memory and if it finds the data there, it does not have to do the more time-consuming
reading of data from larger memory

A cache is a small capacity fast memory. It acts as an intermediate store between the Processor
and main memory (RAM) and is used to improve the overall speed of the computer since it is
used primarily to keep the most active portions of the program being used

L1 and L2 are levels of cache memory in a computer. If the computer processor can find the
data it needs for its next operation in cache memory, it will save time compared to having to get
it from RAM
 Static RAM(SRAM) is a type of memory that
is faster and reliable than the more common
DRAM (dynamic RAM) SRAM

Dynamic RAM (DRAM) supports access times

of 60 nanoseconds, whereas SRAM can give
access times as low as 10 nanoseconds

SRAM is used only as a memory cache

64MB DRAM
 SDRAM actually synchronizes
itself with the processors bus

SDRAM is capable of running

at 133 MHz
 RDRAM
(Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory)
It is a dynamic memory as opposed
to SRAM & other static memory

RDRAM transfers data at up to 800

MHz

Intel and Rambus are also working a

new version of RDRAM, called
nDRAM, that will support data
transfer speed up to 1,600 MHz
 It is a later development of SDRAM, used in PC memory from 2000
onwards

The advantage of DDRAM over regular SDRAM is increased

throughput (data transferred in a specific time), and thus increased
overall system speed
 Each byte in a computers memory
is assigned a unique memory
address. The processor uses this to
track where data and instructions
are stored in RAM

The processor uses the address bus

to communicate which memory
address it wants to access.

The memory controller reads the

address and then puts the data
stored in that memory address back
onto the address bus for the
Processor to use
 A memory chip that permanently
stores instructions and data

ROM is a non-volatile memory. ROM

is used to hold programs and data that
must survive when the computer is
turned off

Data in ROM will remain unchanged

the next time the computer is turned
on
 BIOS Basic Input Output System

It controls the most basic operations and

is responsible for starting your computer
and initializing the hardware

Upgrading the BIOS may correct existing

errors, support new CPUs, support new
hardware etc

BIOS is a program that is made accessible

to the microprocessor on an EPROM chip
 Programmable Read-Only Memory
(PROM) is a memory chip on which data can
be written only once
The difference between ROM & PROM is that
PROM is manufactured as a blank memory
and then programmed using a PROM burner

EPROM

Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory

(EPROM) is a special type of PROM that can be
erased by exposing it to ultraviolet light and then
reprogramming it when required
 Stands for Complimentary Metal Oxide
Semi-Conductor

To keep certain settings when system is

switched off and power cord unplugged.
Settings include: Date , Time , Hard drive
configuration , Memory

A small
battery is added to power the
CMOS RAM
CMOS with battery
 POST stands for Power On Self
Test

The POST is a built-in diagnostic

program

Activated before the BIOS begins the

actual boot
 PCI
It is an I/O (input-output) interconnect bus standard
Stands for Peripheral Components Interconnect
Its a 32 bit interface
 PCI - X
PCI - X is known as PCI Extended is an enhanced version but
backward-compatible with existing PCI cards
It improves upon the speed of PCI from 133 MBps to as much as 1
Gbps
PCI-X was designed to increase performance of high bandwidth
devices, such as Gigabit Ethernet and Fibre Channel and processors

PCI

PCI -
X
Itexpands on and doubles the data transfer rates of original PCI
PCI Express is a two-way, serial connection that carries data in

packets along two pairs of point-to-point data lanes

PCI
PCI
Express
 PCI Express was developed so that high-speed interconnects such as
1394b, USB 2.0 and Gigabit Ethernet would have an I/O architecture
suitable for their transfer high speeds
PCI Express transfers data at 250 Mbps per lane. With a maximum of 32
lanes, it allows for a total combined transfer rate of 8 Gbps

PCI
PCI
Express
AGP slot on the
Mother board
 It is a high speed channel for
attaching graphics card to
motherboard.

Enables 3-D graphics to be

displayed effectively on ordinary
personal computers.

Enables the computer to have a

dedicated way to communicate with the
graphics card.

Enhances both the look and speed of

computer's graphics.
Graphics Card
Can you name the highlighted slot on the motherboard?

Accelerated Graphics Port

Identify the following -

ISA

PCI

PCI - X
A printed circuit board that is inserted into the computer so that it
may be connected to a network

NIC card inside the computer

Inbuilt LA
NIC Card
NIC Install animation
Identify the card displayed below

Network Interface Card (NIC)

 Originally stood for Peripheral Component Microchannel
Interconnect Architecture

It was then renamed Personal Computer Memory Card International

Association, referring to the standards organization

Version 2.0 specifications lead to the simpler name PC Cards

 32 Bit PC Card 16 Bit PC Card

When viewing the PC Card right side up, the area above the 68-pin connector
on a CardBus card will have a gold grounding shield strip across it, typically
with 8 small metal bumps This strip is necessary to prevent signal noise from
interfering with CardBus' high speed bus

These CardBus cards can only be used with CardBus slots -- they are keyed
to prevent insertion into 16-bit slots so that the card and the slot won't be
damaged by differing voltage requirements. 16-bit cards work in either type of
slot, but CardBus cards only work in CardBus slots
 Port used for serial transmission of data
Data is transmitted one bit at a time
Lowers cable costs and make cables
smaller
It is commonly used for devices such as
modems and mice
 Sends 8 bits of data (1 byte) at a time

8 bits transmitted parallel to each other

Standard parallel port is capable of

sending 50 to 100 kilobytes of data per
second
Can be used to connect a host of
computer peripherals like printers and
scanners
 Serial Port

Parallel Port
 VGA Port

The socket on the back of a PC that is

used to connect a monitor

It has a 15 pin female connector

In this 15 pin female connector

Monitor, projector and display devices
can be connected
Interface standard for communication between a computer and external
peripherals over a cable

Is a plug and play interface for devices such as camera, microphone

Device can be added to the computer wihout having to turn the computer off
(hot swappable)

Many devices today, like the mouse, keyboard etc. are all connected through
USB
 USB Version 1.0 supports data rates 1-
2Mbps (Proto Type)

USB version 1.1 supports data rates up

to 12Mbps

The newest version USB 2.0 supports

data rates as high as 480Mbps

USB 2.0 Logo

 Types of USB

USB A (Host)

Often referred to as the downstream connector

Used to plug into the CPU or USB hub

USB B (Device)

Called the upstream connector

Attaches directly to the device (such as a printer or

digital camera)
This is an indication that there are Five USB host controllers in the computer
For every USB host controller there will be one USB Root Hub
Note: If there is a flag in USB Root Hub then it indicates that port is working or driver is bad
If its Universal Host
Controller it is USB 1.1
If its Enhanced Host
Controller it is USB 2.0
 Rear View

PS2 keyboard PS2 mouse

USB Port

Serial Port

Parallel Port

Monitor Port

RJ 45

Speaker
 DIN 5

Keyboard PS2 PS 2 AT PS2 Difference

PS/2 (Personal System 2)

Mic Speaker
 A modem is typically used to send
digital data over a phone line.
The sending modem modulates
the data into a signal compatible
with the phone line
Receiving modem demodulates
the signal back into digital data
Converts digital waves to analog signals and vice versa

Digital Analog

Modem

Public Telephone Network

Analog Digital

Modem
The following are the different types of modems normally used -

Internal Dial up modem

Dial up modem

Cable modem

DSL modem
Two RJ 11
Connecting External Dial Up
MODEM

Telephone
Cable MODEM

Internet
 Connecting Cable MODEM

Cable modem
TV

TV Adapter
Cable Network Splitter box
PC
USB port PC
Cable Modem

RJ 45
Coaxial Cable
Cable Modem Layout
Power
 DSL MODEM

To Modem To Telephone

PC
 Connecting DSL MODEM

To wall

Splitter

RJ 11
RJ 45
Power

DSL Modem Layout

Connecting DSL MODEM

DSL Modem

RJ 11 Sockets

Voice
Data
Telephone
Wire
May be externally installed
or internal to premises

DSL Modem Layout

Pick the odd one out from the following and give reasons
Pick the odd one out from the following and give reasons
Pick the odd one out from the following and give reasons
Lets take a look and try to identify the components displayed here

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