The document discusses biomaterials including their definition, characteristics, history, generations, examples like vascular grafts and hip replacements, and biocompatibility. It provides details on biomaterial applications like heart valves, artificial tissue, dental implants, and intraocular lenses. It also discusses challenges with biomaterials and their potential as an emerging industry.
The document discusses biomaterials including their definition, characteristics, history, generations, examples like vascular grafts and hip replacements, and biocompatibility. It provides details on biomaterial applications like heart valves, artificial tissue, dental implants, and intraocular lenses. It also discusses challenges with biomaterials and their potential as an emerging industry.
The document discusses biomaterials including their definition, characteristics, history, generations, examples like vascular grafts and hip replacements, and biocompatibility. It provides details on biomaterial applications like heart valves, artificial tissue, dental implants, and intraocular lenses. It also discusses challenges with biomaterials and their potential as an emerging industry.
The document discusses biomaterials including their definition, characteristics, history, generations, examples like vascular grafts and hip replacements, and biocompatibility. It provides details on biomaterial applications like heart valves, artificial tissue, dental implants, and intraocular lenses. It also discusses challenges with biomaterials and their potential as an emerging industry.
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Biomaterials
By: Vinita Mehrotra Outline Definition Characteristics of Biomaterials History Biomaterials Science Generations of Biomaterials Examples of Biomaterials Detail on Vascular Grafts Detail on Hip Replacements Biocompatibility Challenges Biomaterials As An Emerging Industry Companies Definition
A biomaterial is a nonviable material used
in a medical device, intended to interact with biological systems. Defined by their application NOT chemical make-up. Characteristics of Biomaterials
Physical Requirements Hard Materials. Flexible Material.
Chemical Requirements Must not react with any tissue in the body. Must be non-toxic to the body. Long-term replacement must not be biodegradable. History
More than 2000 years ago, Romans,
Chinese, and Aztecs used gold in dentistry. Turn of century, synthetic implants become available. 1937 Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) introduced in dentistry. 1958, Rob suggests Dacron Fabrics can be used to fabricate an arterial prosthetic. History (Continued)
1960 Charnley uses PMMA, ultrahigh-
molecular-weight polyethylend, and stainless steal for total hip replacement. Late 1960 early 1970s biomaterial field solidified. 1975 Society for Biomaterials formed. Biomaterials Science
Grow cells in culture.
Apparatus for handling proteins in the laboratory. Devices to regulate fertility in cattle. Aquaculture of oysters. Cell-silicon Biochip. Skin/cartilage Drug Delivery Devices Ocular implants Polymers
Microelectrodes Biomaterial Science First Generation Biomaterials
Specified by physicians using common
and borrowed materials. Most successes were accidental rather than by design. Second Generation of Biomaterials
Developed through collaborations of
physicians and engineers. Engineered implants using common and borrowed materials. Built on first generation experiences. Used advances in materials science (from other fields). Third generation implants
Bioengineered implants using bioengineered
materials. Few examples on the market. Some modified and new polymeric devices. Many under development. Examples of Biomaterial Applications
elastomers, fabrics, and natural valves. Must NOT React With Chemicals in Body. Attached By Polyester Mesh. Tissue Growth Facilitated By Polar Oxygen-Containing Groups. Heart Valve
Almost as soon as valve implanted
cardiac function is restored to near normal. Bileaflet tilting disk heart valve used most widely. More than 45,000 replacement valves implanted every year in the United States. Bileaflet Heart Valves Problems with Heart Valves
Degeneration of Tissue. Mechanical Failure. Postoperative infection. Induction of blood clots. Artificial Tissue
Biodegradable Polymer Result of Condensation of Lactic Acid and Glycolyic Acid Dental Implants
Small titanium fixture that serves as the
replacement for the root portion of a missing natural tooth. Implant is placed in the bone of the upper or lower jaw and allowed to bond with the bone. Most dental implants are: pure titanium screw-shaped cylinders that act as roots for crowns and bridges, or as supports for dentures. Dental Implants
Capable of bonding to bone, a
phenomenon known as "osseointegration. Bio-inert, there is no reaction in tissue and no rejection or allergic reactions. Dental Implants Intraocular Lenses
Made of PMM, silicone elastomer, and other
materials. By age 75 more than 50% of population suffers from cataracts. 1.4 million implantations in the United States yearly. Good vision is generally restored almost immediately after lens is inserted. Intraocular Lenses
Implantation often performed on
outpatient basis. Vascular Grafts
Must Be Flexible. Designed With Open Porous Structure. Often Recognized By Body As Foreign. Hip-Replacements
Most Common Medical Practice Using
Biomaterials. Corrosion Resistant high-strength Metal Alloys. Very High Molecular Weight Polymers. Thermoset Plastics. Hip-Replacements
Some hip replacements ambulatory function
restored within days after surgery. Others require an extensive healing period for attachment between bone and the implant. Most cases good function restored. After 10-15 years, implant loosens requiring another operation. Hip-Replacements Vascular Grafts
Achieve and maintain homeostasis.
Porous. Permeable. Good structure retention. Adequate burst strength. High fatigue resistance. Low thrombogenecity. Good handling properties. Biostable. Vascular Grafts
Braids 350 to 2500 ml cm2/min Knits Loosely Woven Knits 1200 to 2000 ml cm2/min Tightly Woven Knits 2000 to 5000 ml cm2/min Weaves Below 800 ml cm2/min Knit Grafts Filtration and Flow
viscosity of fluid t thickness of
tv membrane
B V velocity of fluid p pressure drop
p across membrane 1 3
Void Content Kozeny-Carmen
B K o S o 1 2 2
Equation Ko is the Kozeny constant. So is the shape factor. is the porosity.
1 3 B K o So 2 1 2 Shape Factor
SurfaceArea So Volume Biomaterials: An Example
Biomechanics of Artificial Joints
Normal versus Arthritic Hip
Sir John Charnely: 1960's, fundamental principles of the artificial hip
Frank Gunston: 1969, developed one of the first artificial knee joints. Hip replacements done in the world per year: between 500,000 and 1 million. Number of knee replacements done in the world per year: between 250,000 and 500,000. Of all the factors leading to total hip replacement, osteoarthritis is the most common, accounting for 65% of all total hips. Normal versus Arthritic Hip
Normal Hip: note the space Arthritic Hip: No space
between the femur and visible in joint, as acetabulum, due to cartilage cartilage is missing Two design issues in attaching materials to bone
1) the geometric and material design of
the articulating surfaces 2) design of the interface between the artificial joint and the surrounding bone. Two attachment methods
using a Polymethylmethacrylate using a porous metal
(PMMA) cement to adhere the surface to create a bone metal to the bone ingrowth interface Overview of femoral replacement
the acetabulum and the proximal
femur have been replaced. The femoral side is completely metal. The acetabular side is composed of the polyethylene bearing surface Load transfer in Composite materials
The two materials are
bonded and equal force is applied to both Comparison: Modului of Elasticity
Modulus of elasticity of different implant materials and bone (in GPa)
Implant bonding
A bonded interface is characteristic of a cemented prosthesis (left) non-bonded interface is characteristic of a non- cemented press fit prosthesis (right) Degradation Problems
Example of fractured artificial cartilage from a failed hip replacement Biocompatibility
The ability of a material to elicit an
appropriate biological response in a specific application by NOT producing a toxic, injurious, or immunological response in living tissue. Strongly determined by primary chemical structure. Host Reactions to Biomaterials
Thrombosis Hemolysis Inflammation Infection and Sterilization Carcinogenesis Hypersensitivity Systemic Effects What are some of the Challenges? To more closely replicate complex tissue architecture and arrangement in vitro. To better understand extracellular and intracellular modulators of cell function. To develop novel materials and processing techniques that are compatible with biological interfaces. To find better strategies for immune acceptance. Biomaterials - An Emerging Industry
Next generation of medical implants and
therapeutic modalities. Interface of biotechnology and traditional engineering. Significant industrial growth in the next 15 years -- potential of a multi-billion dollar industry. Biomaterials Companies
Baxter International develops technologies related to the blood and circulatory system.
Biocompatibles Ltd. develops commercial applications for technology in the field of biocompatibility.
Carmeda makes a biologically active surface that interacts with and supports the bodys own control mechanisms
Collagen Aesthetics Inc. bovine and human placental sourced collagens, recombinant collagens, and PEG-polymers
Endura-Tec Systems Corp. bio-mechanical endurance testing ofstents, grafts, and cardiovascular materials
Howmedica develops and manufactures products in orthopaedics.
MATECH Biomedical Technologies, development of biomaterials by chemical polymerization methods.
Medtronic, Inc. is a medical technology company specializing in implantable and invasive therapies.
Molecular Geodesics Inc., biomimetic materials for biomedical, industrial, and military applications
Polymer Technology Group is involved in the synthesis, characterization, and manufacture of new polymer products.
SurModics, offers PhotoLink(R) surface modification technology that can be used to immobilize biomolecules
W.L. Gore Medical Products Division, PTFE microstructures configured to exclude or accept tissue ingrowth.
Zimmer, design, manufacture and distribution of orthopaedic implants and related equipment and supplies
