Why is the electricity

produced at the bottom of

dams?
When you catch a deep-sea
fish, why does its eyes pop-
out?
Why do your ears pop on an
airplane or up in the
mountains?
Chapter 11 Notes
  

Pressure  
 
 

• Pressure is equal to the force  

 

 
 
applied to a surface, divided  
 
by the area.  
 
 
                                                                            
 
 
   
 
 
 
 Equations for Pressure
• Pressure = Force/surface area
•Pressure = Newtons (Kg x m/s/s)
side x side
•Units are in Pascals or N/m²
• A substance that can easily change its shape,
such as liquids and gases.

•The molecules in a fluid have

a certain amount of force (mass
and acceleration) and exert
pressure on surfaces they
touch.
•All the molecules add
up together to make up
the force exerted by the
fluid.
•Air has a
mass of
1Kg/m³
•Gravity creates an air pressure
of 10.13N/m³ at sea level.
1 atmosphere = 760 mmHg = 29.92 inHg = 14.7 lb/in2 = 101.3 KPa
•Air Pressure
decreases as
elevation
increases.
 The whole system
is a low pressure,
but it dramatically
decreases towards
Very Low
pressure
the eye of the
hurricane.
Higher Pressure
Pressure always
flows from high to
low, which creates
the high velocity
winds.
 Barometric Pressure
• The barometer is used to forecast
weather.
• Decreasing barometer means
stormy weather and an
increasing barometer means
warmer weather.
 START AT 3:10

•Bill Nye
Atmosphere
•Water pressure
increases with
depth.
• c88c.pdf
•When a force is applied to a
confined fluid, the increase in
pressure is transmitted
equally to all parts of the
fluid.
Transmitting Pressure in a Fluid
• When force is applied to a confined fluid,
the change in pressure is transmitted
equally to all parts of the fluid.
 PASCAL’S PRINCIPLE IN
MATHEMATICAL
EXPRESSION

• Output force = Output piston area

Input force Input force area
F1 = A2
F2 A1
Hydraulic Devices
• In a hydraulic device, a
force applied to one
piston increases the fluid
pressure equally
throughout the fluid.
Hydraulic Devices

• By changing the size of

the pistons, the force
can be multiplied.
 3. What is the total force of
4N the right Piston?
F=Pa= 2000N/m2 x 20m2 = 40,000N

20m

.002m2

1. What is the pressure of the left P= F/a = 4/.002 = 2000Pa

piston?
2. What is the pressure of the right 2000Pa
Piston?
Hydraulic Brakes

• The hydraulic
brake system of a
car multiplies the
force exerted on
the brake pedal.
ARCHIMEDE’S PRINCIPLE
The tendency or
ability of an object
to float.
Buoyancy
• The pressure on the
bottom of a submerged
object is greater than
the pressure on the top.
The result is a net force
in the upward direction.
Buoyant Force
The upward force exerted by a
fluid on a submerged or floating
object.
 Buoyancy
• The buoyant force works opposite the
weight of an object.
 DO

EXPERIMENT

1
Archimedes’ principle:
• Buoyant Force on an object immersed in a
liquid equals the weight of the liquid displaced
and the weight of the object if it floats.
 Archimedes' Principle
Hmm! The crown seems lighter under water!

The buoyant force on a

submerged object is equal
to the weight of the liquid

 
displaced by the object. For
water, with a density of one
gram per cubic centimeter,
this provides a convenient
                             
way to determine the
                                         
volume of an irregularly
                    shaped object and then to
determine its density
•Density and buoyancy: An
object that has a greater
density than the fluid it is in,
will sink. If its density is less
than the fluid it will float.
• A solid block of steel sinks in water. A steel
ship with the same mass floats on the
surface.
 Density
• Changes in density cause a submarine to
dive, rise, or float.
 Density
• Changes in density cause a submarine to
dive, rise, or float.
 Density
• Changes in density cause a submarine to
dive, rise, or float.
1g/cm³
•The pressure exerted
by a moving stream of
fluid is less than its
surrounding fluid.
•Therefore, as the speed
of the fluid increases its
pressure decreases.
 A non-spinning baseball or a
Bernoulli’s stationary baseball in an
and Baseball airstream exhibits symmetric
flow. A baseball which is
thrown with spin will curve
because one side of the ball
will experience a reduced
pressure. This is commonly
interpreted as an application
of the Bernoulli principle. The

 
roughness of the ball's surface
and the laces on the ball are
important! With a perfectly
smooth ball you would not get
enough interaction with the
air.           
 Bernoulli’s and Air Foil
The air across the top of a conventional
airfoil experiences constricted flow
lines and increased air speed relative to
the wing. This causes a decrease in
pressure on the top according to the
Bernoulli equation and provides a lift
force. Aerodynamicists (see Eastlake)
use the Bernoulli model to correlate
with pressure measurements made in
wind tunnels, and assert that when
pressure measurements are made at
multiple locations around the airfoil
and summed, they do agree reasonably
with the observed lift.
• Others appeal to a model based on Newton's laws and
assert that the main lift comes as a result of the angle of
attack. Part of the Newton's law model of part of the lift
force involves attachment of the boundary layer of air on
the top of the wing with a resulting downwash of air
behind the wing. If the wing gives the air a downward
force, then by Newton's third law, the wing experiences a
force in the opposite direction - a lift. While the "Bernoulli
vs Newton" debate continues, Eastlake's position is that
they are really equivalent, just different approaches to the
same physical phenonenon. NASA has a nice
aerodynamics site at which these issues are discussed.
 
 
                                                                          
 
 
                                                                          
 MORE EQUATIONS!!!
Liquid Pressure = ρgh
where…..

ρ = mass/volume = fluid density

g = acceleration of gravity
h =height or depth of fluid
 The =pressure
Fluid Pressure from the
gh = 1000Kg/m³ weightx of
x 9.8m/s² 1ma=column
9,800 Pa
of liquid of area A and height h is

                                                                       

The most remarkable thing about this expression

is what it does not include. The fluid pressure at
a given depth does not depend upon the total
mass or total volume of the liquid. The above
pressure
Fluid Pressure = ghexpression is easy
= 1000Kg/m³ to see xfor
x 9.8m/s² 3mthe
= straight,
29,400 Pa
unobstructed column, but not obvious for the
cases of different geometry which are shown.
•As temperature increases,
pressure increases.