Overview of Data Communication

and Computer Networks

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 Outline
Data Communication Overview
Definition
Components
Protocols and standards
Network Overview
Connectivity
Categories
Internetworks

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 Motivations
Efficient way to share resources
Cost less expensive
Accessibility easier
Efficient way to exchange information
Time faster
Size bigger
Correctness more accurate

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Data Communication: Definition

Data Communication:
Transfer of data from one device to another via
some form of transmission medium.

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Data Communication
Hi, Hi,
how how
are are
you? you?

Hi, how are you? Hi, how are you?

Computer User

01010001 01010001

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Components in Communication
1 Message
Hi, how are you?

5 Protocol

2 Sender 3 Receiver

4 Medium

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 Data Representation
Numbers
8/16/32 bit integers
floating point 150
2

Text
ASCII, Unicode
Images 255

Bit patterns, Graphics formats JPG/GIF/etc

Timing: speed and sequencing

Standards
De facto (in practice) standards
not approved but widely adopted
De jure (in law) standards
approved by an organization

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Get http://www.google.com

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 Standards Organizations
Creation Committees
ISO, ITU-T, ANSI, IEEE, EIA
Forums
Regulatory Agencies

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 Direction of Data Flow
Simplex: One direction only

data flow

Server Monitor

data flow

Keyboard

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 Direction of Data Flow
Half Duplex: Both directions, one at a time

data flow at time 1

data flow at time 2

E.g., walkie-talkies

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 Direction of Data Flow
Full Duplex: Both directions simultaneously

data flow

data flow

E.g., telephone

Can be emulated on a single communication link

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 Networks
Network: a set of devices connected by
media links
Laptop
iM ac

Workstation

Media Links
Server
SD

Printer Scanner
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 Types of Connections
Point-to-point
Multipoint (multidrop)

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Point-To-Point Connection

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Multipoint Connection

Wireless

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 Topology
Topology: physical or logical arrangement
of devices
Mesh
Star
Bus
Ring
Hybrid

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Fully Connected Mesh Topology

A D

B C

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Fully Connected Mesh Topology

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Fully Connected Mesh Topology
Pros:
Dedicated links
Robustness
Privacy
Easy to identify fault
Cons:
A lot of cabling
I/O ports
Difficult to move

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Star Topology

A D

Hub Drop

B C
Drop

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Star Topology

A D

Switch

B C

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Star Topology

A D

Hub

B C

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 Star Topology
Pros:
One I/O port per
device
Little cabling
Easy to install
Hub
Robustness
Easy to identify fault

Cons:
Single point of failure
More cabling still
required

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 Bus Topology

Drop
line

Tap

Terminator

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 Bus Topology

A B C D

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Bus Topology

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Bus Topology
Pros:
Little cabling
Easy to install

Cons:
Difficult to modify
Difficult to isolate fault
Break in the bus cable
stops all transmission

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 Ring Topology

D
B

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Ring Topology

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Ring Topology

Pros:
Easy to install
Easy to identify fault

Cons:
Delay in large ring
Break in the ring stops all
transmission

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Hybrid Topologies

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
10M100M
ACT ACT
PWR UPLINK

COL COL
SWITCH 131415161718192021222324 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
10M100M
ACT ACT
PWR UPLINK

COLCOL
SWITCH 131415161718192021222324 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

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 Network Categories
Local Area Network (LAN)
Wide Area Network (WAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)

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 Local Area Networks
Network in a single office, building, or
campus

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 Wide Area Networks
Network providing long-distance communication
over a country, a continent, or the whole world

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 Metropolitan Area Networks
Network extended over an entire city

Bangkhen Kampangsaen

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 Network of Networks

Company A Company B
Network Interface Card (NIC)

Company C Company D
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 Internetworking
How to allow devices from different
standards to communicate
Gateways/routers devices capable of
communicating in several standards

These become "network of networks"

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 Internetworks
Two or more networks connected become
an internetwork, or internet

Network1 Network2

Gateway

Network3

Example: The Internet

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 The Internet
The largest internetwork (network of networks)
in the world
Devices communicating with TCP/IP protocol
suite
Stanford U. of Utah

UC Santa Barbara

UCLA

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 Summary
Data communication
Protocols and standards
Computer networks
Topologies
LAN/MAN/WAN
Internetworks (networks of networks)

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