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Linear Measurements

This document discusses linear measurement techniques used in surveying. It describes direct, optical, and EDM methods of linear measurement. Chain surveying and tape measurement are approximate linear measurement methods that involve the use of instruments like chains, tapes, arrows, ranging rods, and offset rods. The document outlines principles of chain surveying like triangulation. It also discusses potential sources of error in chain surveying measurements and how to correct for errors.

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nimesh pandya
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296 views40 pages

Linear Measurements

This document discusses linear measurement techniques used in surveying. It describes direct, optical, and EDM methods of linear measurement. Chain surveying and tape measurement are approximate linear measurement methods that involve the use of instruments like chains, tapes, arrows, ranging rods, and offset rods. The document outlines principles of chain surveying like triangulation. It also discusses potential sources of error in chain surveying measurements and how to correct for errors.

Uploaded by

nimesh pandya
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LINEAR MEASUREMENTS

Chemical Department.
Guided by- prof D.M Prajapati.
Prof. J. M. Jadav
PRESENTED BY

Group no-7 Roll no.


Leader- Singh Pritish 61
Dholariya Jigar 62
Sanghani Anuj 63
Chadmiya Keval 64
Aal Vinod 65
Patel Vikrant 51
Prasad Om Prakash 86
INDEX
METHODS OF LINEAR
MEASUREMNENT
APPROXIMATE METHODS
CHAIN SURVEYING
CHAIN
TAPES
RANGING RODS
METHODS USED IN CHAIN
SURVEYING
PRINCIPLE OF CHAIN SURVEYING
SELECTION OF CHAIN SURVEYING
OFFSETS
ERRORS
TYPES OF ERRORS
SOURCE OF ERRORS
METHODS

There are 3 methods of making linear


measurements.
1- Direct Method.

2- Optical Method.

3- E.D.M Method.
APPROXIMATE METHODS

Pacing.
Passometer.

Pedometer.

Odometer.

Speedometer.

Measuring Wheel.
Speedometer pedometer

odometer

Measuring wheel passometer


INSTRUMENTS USED IN CHAIN SURVEYING

1) Chains
2) Tapes
3) Arrows
4) Ranging Rods and Offset Rod
5) Pegs
6) Plumb- bob
TYPES OF CHAINS

Metric chain
Gunters chain or Surveyors chain

Engineers chain

Revenue chain

Steel band or Band chain


CHAINS
TAKING MEASUREMENTS ON CHAIN
Metric chains are made in lengths 20m and
30m. Tallies are fixed at every five-meter length
and brass rings are provided at every meter
length except where tallies are attached.
TESTING AND ADJUSTMENT OF CHAIN
If chain is found to be too If chain is found to be too
long short
1) Closing up the joints of the 1) Straightening the bent links.
rings if found to be opened out. 2) Opening the joints of the rings.
2) Reshaping the elongated rings. 3) Replacing one or more small
3) Replacing damaged rings. circular rings by bigger ones.
4) Removing one or more small 4) Inserting new rings where
rings. necessary.
5) Adjusting the links at the end. 5) Adjusting the links at the end.
TYPES OF TAPES

1) Cloth or linen tape.


2) Fibre tape.
3) Metallic tape.
4) Steel tape.
5) Invar tape.
TAPES
ARROWS
Arrows are made of tempered steel wire of diameter 4mm.
One end of the arrow is bent into a ring of diameter 50mm and
the other end is pointed.
Its overall length is 400mm.
An arrow is inserted into the ground after every chain measured
on the ground.
RANGING RODS AND OFFSET ROD
Ranging rods are 2 to 3 m in length.
Used for ranging some intermediate points on the
survey line.
Painted with alternate bands of black and white or red
and white colours.
With length of each equalising 20 cm.
RANGING RODS
PEGS

Made of timber or steel.


Used to mark the position of stations.

Pegs are in length of 15 cm.


PLUMB-BOB

Used to transfer points on ground.


Used for fixing instrument exactly over the
stations.
PRINCIPLE OF CHAIN SURVEYING

Triangulation is the principle.


In this area is divided into a number of
triangles with the suitable sides.
The plan of the area can be easily drawn.

As a triangle is the only simple plane


geometrical figure.
TERMS RELATED WITH CHAIN SURVEYING

1) Survey Stations:
(a) Main stations
(b) Subsidiary stations
(c) tie stations
2) Main survey lines
3) Base line
4) Check line
5) Tie-line
SELECTION OF SURVEY STATIONS
1) Survey lines should be minimum as far as possible and should
be taken on fairly level ground.
2) should be intervisible.
3) Should form well conditioned triangles.
4) Should be located that tie lines, check lines, baseline etc. an
be formed.
5) Should be selected within the boundary of the area to be
surveyed.
OPERATIONS IN CHAIN SURVEYING

Chaining
Ranging

Offsetting
CHAINING ON LEVEL GROUND

Chaining on level ground


It involves following operations
1) Fixing the stations.

2) Unfolding the chain.

3) Ranging.

4) Measuring the distance.

5) Folding the chain.


CHAINING ON SLOPING GROUND
There are 2 methods:
1) Direct Method:
Also called as stepping. In this method, the distance
is measured in small horizontal stretches. Say a1,
a2 an.
with suitable length of chain or tape.
finally the total horizontal distances are added to get
the required distances
CHAIN SURVEYING (STEPPING)

a
w
b
x c
y

z
Chaining on sloping ground
INDIRECT METHOD
It involves calculation from directly measured
lengths.
Method1:
Horizontal distance of the segment is calculated by knowing
sloping length of the segment and angle of inclination of that
with horizontal. The angle
The angle of the sloping surface with horizontal can be known
by instrument called Abneys Level.
METHOD2:

If the elevation difference between 2 terminals


points and the sloping distance between 2
terminal points is known the horizontal
distance D can be calculated as
D = (lh)
METHOD3:

Also called as hypotenusal allowance method


Instead of putting the end arrow at actual end
of chain, it is put at some advanced distance
and that point is considered as the end of one
chain length
RANGING

There are 2 methods:


1) Direct ranging
2) Indirect ranging or reciprocal ranging.
DIRECT RANGING
When intermediate ranging rods are fixed on a
straight line by direct observation from end
stations, the process is known as direct
ranging.
Direct ranging also can be done with a line
ranger it consist of 2 right isosceles triangular
prisms. Placed one above other.
INDIRECT OR RECIPROCAL RANGING

When the end stations are not intervisible due


to there being high ground between them,
intermediate ranging rods are fixed on the line
in an indirect way.
The method is known as indirect ranging or

reciprocal ranging.
Indirect Ranging
OFFSETTING
There are 2 types of offsets:
1) Perpendicular offsets:
the offsets which are taken perpendicular to the chain are
termed as above.
2) Oblique offsets:
Oblique distance is always greater than perpendicular
distance. All the offsets which are not taken at right angle to
chain line are known as above.
INSTRUMENTS FOR LAYING OFFSETS

Optical square.
Indian optical square.

Open cross staff.

Prism square.
ERRORS IN CHAINING

There are 2 types


1) Compensating errors
2) Cumulating errors
SOURCES OF ERRORS IN CHAINING

Instrumental Errors
Natural errors

Personal errors
ERRORS DUE TO INCORRECT CHAIN
If chain is too Measured
long distance will be
less. Correction:
positive

If chain is too Measured


small distance will be
more. Correction:
negative
TAPE CORRECTIONS

Corrections for absolute length


Corrections for temperature

Corrections for pull

Corrections for sag

Corrections for slope


THANK YOU

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