SUBJECT :

DC Machine & Transformer

AIM. :
SPECIAL TRANSFORMERS :Current Transformer,
Potential Transformer, Pulse Transformer, Audio
Frequency Transformer, Grounding Transformer.

GROUP NO.9 BE 3RD SEM. ELECTRICAL

AGRAWAL MILAP M.(130460109027)

AMIT MUNJANI C. (130460109028)
Dwijkumar mewada(130460109026)

Navin sharma & Ravisankar sir

Topic name :

SPECIAL TRANSFORMERS :
I. Current Transformer
II. Potential Transformer
III.Pulse Transformer
IV.Audio Frequency Transformer
V. Grounding Transformer
I. Current Transformer
The large alternating
currents which can not be
sensed or passed through
normal ammeters and
current coil of
wattmeter's, energy
meters can easily be
measured by use of
current transformers
along with normal low
rang instruments.
 36 KV Live Tank CT

A transformer is a device
which consists of two A CT for operations
windings called primary on a 110 kV grid
and secondary.
 It transfers energy from one side to another
with suitable change in the level of current

Current Transformer
or voltage.
A current transformer basically has a
primary coil of one or more turns of heavy
cross-sectional area.
In some, the bar carrying high current may
act as a primary.
 This is connected in series with the line
carrying high current.

Current Transformer
The secondary of the transformer is
made up of a large number of turns of
fine wire having small cross-sectional
area.
 Current Transformer
This is usually rated for 5 A.
This is connected to the coil of normal range
ammeter.
Symbolic representation of a current
transformer is as shown in the figure.
 Current Transformer
These transformers are basically step
up transformers i.e. stepping up a
voltage from primary to secondary.

Thus the current reduces from primary

to secondary.
 So from current point of view, these are

Current Transformer
step down transformer, stepping down

the current value considerably from

primary to secondary.
 Let N1 = Number of turns of primary
N2 = Number of turns of secondary
I1 = Primary current,

Current Transformer
I2 = Secondary current

For a transformer, V1 N1

V2 N2
2. Potential Transformer
The basic principal of these

Potential Transformer
transformers is same as current
transformers.
The high alternating voltage is reduced
in a fixed proportion for the
measurement purpose with the help of
potential transformers.
 The construction of these transformer is
similar to the normal transformer.

Potential Transformer
These are extremely accurate ratio step
down transformers.

The windings are low power rating

windings.
 Primary winding consists of large number of
turns while secondary has less number of

Potential Transformer
turns and usually rated for 110 V, irrespective of
the primary voltage rating.

The primary is connected across the high

voltage line while secondary is connected to the
low range voltmeter coil.
 Potential Transformer
One end of the secondary is always
grounded for safety purpose.
The connections are shown in the figure.
 As a normal transformer, its ratio can be
specified as,

Potential Transformer
V1 N1

V2 N2
So if voltage ratio of P.T. is known and the
voltmeter rating is known then the high voltage
to be measured, can be determined.
 Potential & Current Transformer
Application of C.T. and P.T.
The C.T.s and P.T.s are used for,

1. Circulating current differential protection.

2. Over current phase fault protection.

3. Distance protection.

4. Intermediate CTs for feeding protective

devices, measuring systems, relays etc.
 3. Pulse Transformer
The pulse transformer

Pulse Transformer
is basically a
transformer which
couples a source of
pulses of electrical
energy to the load with
Pulse Transformer
its shape and other
properties maintained.
Working principle of pulse transformer
The traditional transformers deals with

Pulse Transformer
sinusoidal waveforms, but pulse transformers
deals with square pulse waveforms.
Signal processing is the vital part of this
transformers. Initially, input signal waves are
provided in the primary side of pulse
transformer, it may be distorted sinusoidal or
square pulse signal.
But, this distorted signal usually randomize the
flux distribution in primary coil.
 Then the high reluctance path(core) is

Pulse Transformer
confine those fluxes into it and reduces
the leakage fluxes.

The distortion of pulses are are also

reduced as the core is made by high
permeability material.
 Then the flux linkages in secondary winding

Pulse Transformer
leads to develop another pulse series, which
is nothing but the dV / dt of the input
signal.

Amplitude of the pulses are depended upon

the turns ratio. So, it gives a distortionless
and modified pulse series as the output.
 Construction of Pulse Transformer
The general construction of pulse transformer

Pulse Transformer
are quite similar to that of the power
transformers.
But some special improvement or modification
is provided.
As they are used in sophisticated electronics
applications, therefore the design of that
transformers should carried out in such a way,
that they can minimize the effects of signal
distortion.
The pulse transformers are designed on shell
type core construction.

Pulse Transformer
The main reason is, shell type core
construction provides reduce susceptibility for
eddy current as well it can withstand with high
voltage level ( specially in case of power pulse
transformer ).
As those transformers are based on shell type
core construction, therefore the capacitance
effect in between the primary and secondary
winding is reduced.
 Types of Pulse Transformers
In general, pulse transformers are classified

Pulse Transformer
in two categories, namely signal type pulse
transformer and power type pulse
transformer.

The product of those is termed as voltage

time integral. Large voltage time integral
means the pulse peak voltages are high.
The classification of pulse transformers

Pulse Transformer
are done with the help of a determining
factor Voltage Time Integral. Each pulse
has its peak voltage ( that is the
maximum amplitude ) and a certain
time period (duration of the pulse).
Pulse Transformer
Pulse
Application of pulse transformers

Pulse Transformer
Small sized pulse transformers, that is
signal transformers are used in low
voltage electronics applications like
camera flasher, and they are also used in
controlling of digital logic circuits.
These generated pulse from this type of

Pulse Transformer
transformers are used for gate turn on process.

They are also used in telecommunication

system.

High voltage pulse transformers, that is power

pulse transformers are used in radars, particle
acceleration purposes.
4. Audio Frequency Transformer
The transformers used in power systems
operating at a frequency of 50 Hz
transformers power from one voltage level into
other.

These transformers come across wide range of

frequencies i.e. bandwidth of the signal
dependent on type of application like audio,
video etc.
There are basically two main applications of
these transformers used in electronic circuit
and handling variable frequencies.

Firstly the load is coupled to the source in

such a way as to have maximum power to
transfer from source to load which requires
impedance matching.
 Under this case, the efficiency may be as low as

Audio Frequency Transformer

50% but it is not the important consideration
here.

Since the prime importance here is for maximum

power transfer rather than maximum efficiency in
case of power transformer.

These transformers are called output

transformers.
If these transformers are employed in audio

Audio Frequency Transformer

applications, they are called audio
transformers.
Secondly these transformers provide a path for
dc bias current through its primary circuit
while it keeps this current away from secondary
circuit.
The main factor to be considered in case of
these transformers is that the amplitude of
voltage gain which is ratio of output voltage to
input voltage should remain nearly constant
over the range of frequencies.
 Audio Frequency Transformer
The phase shift between input and output
voltage should also be small over the
working range of frequencies.

To study the gain and phase characteristics

with frequency , logarithmic scale should be
used as frequency range is large.
 Audio Frequency Transformer
The phase shift between input and output
voltage To study these characteristic under
various range of frequencies, let us consider
the equivalent circuit of the transformer as
shown in Fig.
The source is having internal resistance Rs and

Audio Frequency Transformer

it is driving the load resistance RL .

Lo is magnetizing branch inductance

inductance while L1 and L2 are leakage
inductance of primary and secondary coil
respectively.

Let us consider the mid frequency region first.

In this region the leakage inductances on both
sides be neglected as they cause very small

Audio Frequency Transformer

voltage drops while the magnetizing
inductance branch treated as open circuit.
The equivalent circuit in this is shown in the
Fig.
'
R
2
= Equivalent resistance of secondary referred to
primary

N2

Audio Frequency Transformer

K = Transformation ratio =
N1
 '
V L
> Now to find out the ratio VS we can
use potential divider rule,
>We have,

Audio Frequency Transformer

'
V VS
L
' RL
RS RL R2 R1
' '
 > Let Req RS R1 R '
2

RL'
VL VS
'
'
Req RL

Audio Frequency Transformer

But VL VL N2
V '
.VL
N2
L
K N1

N

1
 Audio Frequency Transformer
N2 RL'
.VL VS '
N1 Req RL
Voltage gain,

VL N2 RL'
A0
VS 1
N R
eq RL
'


Audio Frequency Transformer
 5.Grounding Transformer

Grounding Transformer
The grounding transformer is also
called earthing transformer.

Its main purpose is to provide neutral

point for grounding purposes.
When the transformers or generators are delta

Grounding Transformer
connected or if the neutral points are not
accessible then artificially the neutral earthing
point can be created with the help of star
connected grounding transformer.

Such transformer has no secondary winding.

Each phase of primary has two equal parts.

There are three

Grounding Transformer
limbs and each limb
has two winding
opposite flux during
normal condition.

Such a transformer
is shown in Figure.
One set of winding are connected in

Grounding Transformer
star providing the neutral point.
The other ends of this set of windings
are connected to the second set of
windings as shown in the figure.
The directions of the currents in the two
windings each limb are opposite to each
other.
This is necessary in systems with
operating voltage between 2.2 kV and 3.3

Grounding Transformer
kV
These transformer are of short time
rating in the rang of 10 seconds to 1
minute.
Hence the size of these transformers is
small as compared to power
transformers of same rating.
Reference :
U.A.Bakashi, Technical publications
Tech-max publications
B.L.Thereja
www.google.com
Wikipedia