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How To Analyze & Interpret Data

The document discusses different approaches to analyzing qualitative and quantitative data. It explains that qualitative data analysis involves coding, categorizing, and interpreting data to identify themes, while quantitative data can be analyzed statistically using software. The document also provides examples of different qualitative analysis techniques, such as thematic analysis, and discusses when each type of research and analysis is best used.

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Romer Gesmundo
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696 views

How To Analyze & Interpret Data

The document discusses different approaches to analyzing qualitative and quantitative data. It explains that qualitative data analysis involves coding, categorizing, and interpreting data to identify themes, while quantitative data can be analyzed statistically using software. The document also provides examples of different qualitative analysis techniques, such as thematic analysis, and discusses when each type of research and analysis is best used.

Uploaded by

Romer Gesmundo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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QUANTITATIVE

?
OR
QUALITATIVE?

HOW TO ANALYZE & Romer E. Gesmundo & Neriza


Gamit
INTERPRET DATA
WHAT DO WE MEAN BY
ANALYZING DATA?
Data analysis is the process of
interpreting the meaning of the data
we have collected, organized, and
displayed in the form of a table, bar
chart, line graph, or other
representation.
Analyzing data helps us to learn what
our data might mean and helps us to
WHY DO WE ANALYZE DATA
The purpose of analyzing data is to obtain usable
and useful information. The analysis, irrespective of
whether the data is qualitative or quantitative, may:
describe and summaries the data
identify relationships between variables
compare variables
identify the difference between variables
forecast outcomes
DECIDING WHICH APPROACH
TO USE
Regardless of the subject of your study,
you have just two types of research to
choose from: Qualitative and Quantitative.

How much you know (or suspect) about


your area of research and your
respondents will determine exactly which
kind of research is right for you. Most
people will need a combination of the
two to get the most accurate data.
ANALYZING DATA
FOR QUALITATIVE DATA
- THE RESEARCHER MAY ANALYZE AS THE RESEARCH PROGRESSES,
CONTINUALLY REFINING AND REORGANIZING IN THE LIGHT OF THE
EMERGING RESULTS.

- FOR QUANTITATIVE DATA


- THE ANALYSIS CAN BE LEFT UNTIL THE END OF THE DATA
COLLECTION PROCESS, AND IF IT IS A LARGE SURVEY, STATISTICAL
SOFTWARE IS THE EASIEST AND THE MOST EFFICIENT METHOD TO
USE.
QUALITATIVE DATA
ANALYSIS
To help you with the analysis of qualitative data, it is
useful to produce an interview summary form or
a focus group summary form which you
complete as soon as possible after each interview or
focus group has taken place
QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS
involves such processes as coding (open, axial, and selective),
categorizing and making sense of the essential meanings of the
phenomenon.

This stage of analysis basically involves total immersion for as


long as it is needed in order to ensure both a pure and a
thorough description of the phenomenon.

All this is concerned with the organization and the interpretation


of information (other than numerical information, which is
generally the preserve of quantitative research] in order to
FORMATS FOR ANALYSIS
However, to be able to analyze your data you must first of all
produce it in a format that can be easily analyzed.
- transcript from an interview or focus group
- a series of written answers on an open-ended questionnaire,
- or field notes or memos written by the researcher.

These memos and notes can be analyzed along with your transcripts or
questionnaires.
You can think of the different types of qualitative data analysis as
positioned on a continuum .
THEMATIC ANALYSIS
Thematic analysis is used in
qualitative research and
focuses on examining
themes within data.[3] This
method emphasizes
organization and rich
description of the data set.
Thematic analysis goes
beyond simply counting
phrases or words in a text
and moves
A theme on to
represents identifying
a level of
implicit response
patterned and explicit
or ideas
meaning from the data that is
within the data.
related to the research
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
It is closely connected to Thematic
Analysis. Using this method, data from
different people is compared and
contrasted and the process continues until
the researcher is satisfied that no new
issues are arising.
CONTENT ANALYSIS
The researcher may already have a
list of categories or she may read
through each transcript and let the
categories emerge from the data.
This type of analysis can be used
for open-ended questions which have
been added to questionnaires in large
quantitative surveys, thus
enabling the researcher to quantify
the answers.
DISCOURSE These methods look at patterns of
speech, such as how people talk
ANALYSIS about a particular subject, what
metaphors they use, how they take
turns in conversation, and so on.
These analysts see speech as a
performance; it performs an action
rather than describes a specific state
of affairs or specific state of mind.
PROCESSING THE DATA
These examples show that there are different
processes involved in qualitative data analysis.
You need to think about the data from the moment you start
to collect the information.
You need to judge the value of your data, especially that which
may come from dubious sources.
As your research progresses you need to interpret the data so
that you, and others, can gain an understanding of what is
going on.
Finally, you need to undertake the mechanical process of
SYSTEMS FOR ANALYSIS OF
QUALITATIVE DATA
INVOLVING LANGUAGE
1. Content Analysis
Here, you start with some ideas about hypotheses or themes that
might emerge, and look for them in the data that you have collected.
You might, for example, use a colour-coding or numbering system to
identify text about the different themes, grouping together ideas and
gathering evidence about views on each theme.

2. Grounded Analysis
This is similar to content analysis, in that it uses similar techniques for
coding. However, in grounded analysis, you do not start from a
defined point. Instead, you allow the data to speak for itself,
with themes emerging from the discussions and
conversations. In practice, this may be much harder to achieve
3. Social Network Analysis
This form of analysis examines the links between individuals as a way of
understanding what motivates behavior.

It has been used, for example, as a way of understanding why some people
are more successful at work than others, and why some children were more
likely to run away from home. This type of analysis may be most useful in
combination with other methods, for example after some kind of content or
grounded analysis to identify common themes about relationships. Its often
helpful to use a visual approach to this kind of analysis to generate a
network diagram showing the relationships between members of a network.

4. Discourse Analysis
This approach not only analyses conversation, but also takes into account
the social context in which the conversation occurs, including previous
conversations, power relationships and the concept of individual identity. It
may also include analysis of written sources, such as emails or letters, and
5. Narrative Analysis
This looks at the way in which stories are told within an organization or
society to try to understand more about the way in which people think and
are organized within groups.

There are four main types of narrative:


bureaucratic, which is highly structured and logical, and often about imposing
control;
quest, where the ambition is to have the most compelling story and lead
others to success;
chaos, where the story is lived, rather than told; and
postmodern, which is rather like chaos narratives, in that it is lived, but where
the narrator is aware of the story and what they are trying to achieve.

6. Conversation Analysis
This is largely used in ethnographic research. It assumes that
conversations are all governed by rules and patterns which remain the
same whoever is talking. It also assumes that what is said can only be
understood by looking at what went before and after.

Conversation analysis requires a detailed examination of the data, including exactly


WHEN AND HOW TO USE
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
Qualitative research is by definition exploratory, and it is used when we
dont know what to expect, to define the problem or develop an
approach to the problem.
Its also used to go deeper into issues of interest and explore nuances
related
to the
Focus problem at hand. Common data collection methods used
groups
in
qualitative
Triads research are:
Dyads
In-depth interviews
Uninterrupted observation
Bulletin boards
Ethnographic
participation/observation.
WHAT IS QUANTITATIVE
DATA ANALYSIS?
Quantitative data analysis is helpful in evaluation
because it provides quantifiable and easy to
understand results. Quantitative data can be analyzed
in a variety of different ways.

Making sense of numbers.


Using numbers to inform
decision-making.
TYPES OF QUANTITATIVE
DATA
Categorical
Nominal: names
Ordinal: 1st, 2nd, 3rd.
Continuous
Ratio: consistent distance between each point
Interval: there is a zero starting point

There is an important difference in how you


work with categorical and continuous
variables!
COMPUTING SOFTWARE
STATISTICAL
TECHNIQUES
BIVARIATE
Bivariate data is when you are studying
two variables. For example, if you are
studying a group of college students to
find out their average SAT score and their
age, you have two pieces of the puzzle to
find (SAT score and age). Or if you want to
find out the weights and heights of
college students, then you also have
bivariate data. Bivariate data could also
be two sets of items that are dependent
MULTIVARIATE
SUMMARY
The methods you use to analyze your data will
depend upon whether you have chosen to conduct
qualitative or quantitative research.

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