Building Java Programs

Chapter 2
Lecture 2-2: The for Loop

reading: 2.3
self-check: 12-26
exercises: 2-14
videos: Ch. 2 #3

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 Increment and decrement
shortcuts to increase or decrease a variable's value by 1

Shorthand Equivalent longer version

variable++; variable = variable + 1;
variable--; variable = variable - 1;

int x = 2;
x++; // x = x + 1;
// x now stores 3
double gpa = 2.5;
gpa--; // gpa = gpa - 1;
// gpa now stores 1.5

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Modify-and-assign operators
shortcuts to modify a variable's value

Shorthand Equivalent longer version

variable += value; variable = variable + value;
variable -= value; variable = variable - value;
variable *= value; variable = variable * value;
variable /= value; variable = variable / value;
variable %= value; variable = variable % value;

x += 3; // x = x + 3;
gpa -= 0.5; // gpa = gpa - 0.5;
number *= 2; // number = number * 2;

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 Repetition over a range
System.out.println("1 squared = " + 1 * 1);
System.out.println("2 squared = " + 2 * 2);
System.out.println("3 squared = " + 3 * 3);
System.out.println("4 squared = " + 4 * 4);
System.out.println("5 squared = " + 5 * 5);
System.out.println("6 squared = " + 6 * 6);
Intuition: "I want to print a line for each number from 1 to 6"

There's a statement, the for loop, that does just that!

for (int i = 1; i <= 6; i++) {
System.out.println(i + " squared = " + (i * i));
}

"For each integer i from 1 through 6, print ..."

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 for loop syntax
for (initialization; test; update) { header
statement;
statement;
... body
statement;
}

Perform initialization once.

Repeat the following:
Check if the test is true. If not, stop.
Execute the statements.
Perform the update.

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 Initialization
for (int i = 1; i <= 6; i++) {
System.out.println(i + " squared = " + (i * i));
}

Tells Java what variable to use in the loop

Called a loop counter

Can use any variable name, not just i

Can start at any value, not just 1

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 Test
for (int i = 1; i <= 6; i++) {
System.out.println(i + " squared = " + (i * i));
}

Tests the loop counter variable against a bound

Uses comparison operators:
< less than
<= less than or equal to
> greater than
>= greater than or equal to

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 Update
for (int i = 1; i <= 6; i++) {
System.out.println(i + " squared = " + (i * i));
}

Changes loop counter's value after each repetition

Without an update, you would have an infinite loop

Can be any expression:

for (int i = 1; i <= 9; i += 2) {

System.out.println(i);
}

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 Loop walkthrough
1 2 3
for (int i = 1; i <= 4; i++) {
4 System.out.println(i + " squared = " + (i * i));
}
5 System.out.println("Whoo!");
1
Output:
2
1 squared = 1
2 squared = 4
3 squared = 9 4
4 squared = 16
Whoo! 3

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 General repetition
System.out.println("I am so smart");
System.out.println("I am so smart");
System.out.println("I am so smart");
System.out.println("I am so smart");
System.out.println("I am so smart");
System.out.println("S-M-R-T");
System.out.println("I mean S-M-A-R-T");

The loop's body doesn't have to use the counter variable:

for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) { // repeat 5 times

System.out.println("I am so smart");
}
System.out.println("S-M-R-T");
System.out.println("I mean S-M-A-R-T");

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 Multi-line loop body
System.out.println("+----+");
for (int i = 1; i <= 3; i++) {
System.out.println("\\ /");
System.out.println("/ \\");
}
System.out.println("+----+");

Output:
+----+
\ /
/ \
\ /
/ \
\ /
/ \
+----+
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 Expressions for counter
int highTemp = 5;
for (int i = -3; i <= highTemp / 2; i++) {
System.out.println(i * 1.8 + 32);
}

Output:
26.6
28.4
30.2
32.0
33.8
35.6

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 System.out.print
Prints without moving to a new line
allows you to print partial messages on the same line

int highestTemp = 5;
for (int i = -3; i <= highestTemp / 2; i++) {
System.out.print((i * 1.8 + 32) + " ");
}

Output:
26.6 28.4 30.2 32.0 33.8 35.6

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 Counting down
The update can use -- to make the loop count down.
The test must say > instead of <

System.out.print("T-minus ");
for (int i = 10; i >= 1; i--) {
System.out.print(i + ", ");
}
System.out.println("blastoff!");

Output:
T-minus 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, blastoff!

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 Mapping loops to numbers
for (int count = 1; count <= 5; count++) {
...
}

What statement in the body would cause the loop to print:

4 7 10 13 16

for (int count = 1; count <= 5; count++) {

System.out.print(3 * count + 1 + " ");
}

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 Slope-intercept
for (int count = 1; count <= 5; count++) {
...
}

What statement in the body would cause the loop to print:

2 7 12 17 22

Much like a slope-intercept problem:

count is x
the printed number is y
The line passes through points:
(1, 2), (2, 7), (3, 12), (4, 17), (5, 22)

What is the equation of the line?

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 Loop tables
What statement in the body would cause the loop to print:
2 7 12 17 22

To see patterns, make a table of count and the numbers.

Each time count goes up by 1, the number should go up by 5.
But count * 5 is too great by 3, so we subtract 3.

count number to print 5 * 5 * count -

count 3
1 2 5 2
2 7 10 7
3 12 15 12
4 17 20 17
5 22 25 22
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 Loop tables question
What statement in the body would cause the loop to print:
17 13 9 5 1

Let's create the loop table together.

Each time count goes up 1, the number printed should ...
But this multiple is off by a margin of ...

count number to print -4 * count -4 * count + 21

1 17 -4 17
2 13 -8 13
3 9 -12 9
4 5 -16 5
5 1 -20 1

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 Nested loops
reading: 2.3
self-check: 22-26
exercises: 10-14
videos: Ch. 2 #4

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 Redundancy between loops
for (int j = 1; j <= 5; j++) {
System.out.print(j + "\t"); Output:
} 1 2 3 4 5
System.out.println();
2 4 6 8 10
for (int j = 1; j <= 5; j++) {
System.out.print(2 * j + "\t");
3 6 9 12 15
}
System.out.println();
4 8 12 16 20
for (int j = 1; j <= 5; j++) {
System.out.print(3 * j + "\t");
}
System.out.println();
for (int j = 1; j <= 5; j++) {
System.out.print(4 * j + "\t"){
}
System.out.println();

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 Nested loops
nested loop: A loop placed inside another loop.
for (int i = 1; i <= 4; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= 5; j++) {
System.out.print((i * j) + "\t");
}
System.out.println(); // to end the line
}

Output:
1 2 3 4 5
2 4 6 8 10
3 6 9 12 15
4 8 12 16 20

Statements in the outer loop's body are executed 4 times.

The inner loop prints 5 numbers each time it is run.

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 Nested for loop exercise
What is the output of the following nested for loops?
for (int i = 1; i <= 6; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= 10; j++) {
System.out.print("*");
}
System.out.println();
}

Output:
**********
**********
**********
**********
**********
**********
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 Nested for loop exercise
What is the output of the following nested for loops?
for (int i = 1; i <= 6; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
System.out.print("*");
}
System.out.println();
}

Output:
*
**
***
****
*****
******
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 Nested for loop exercise
What is the output of the following nested for loops?
for (int i = 1; i <= 6; i++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= i; j++) {
System.out.print(i);
}
System.out.println();
}

Output:
1
22
333
4444
55555
666666
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 Complex lines
What nested for loops produce the following output?

peated characters on each line)

....1
...2
..3
.45 times because there are 5 lines)
p (loops
5

We must build multiple complex lines of output using:

an outer "vertical" loop for each of the lines
inner "horizontal" loop(s) for the patterns within each line

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 Outer and inner loop
First write the outer loop, from 1 to the number of lines.
for (int line = 1; line <= 5; line++) {
...
}

Now look at the line contents. Each line has a pattern:

some dots (0 dots on the last line)
a number

....1
...2
..3
.4
5

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 Nested for loop exercise
Make a table to represent any patterns on each line.
....1 line # of dots -1 * line -1 * line + 5
...2 1 4 -1 4
..3 2 3 -2 3
.4 3 2 -3 2
5
4 1 -4 1
5 0 -5 0

To print a character multiple times, use a for loop.

for (int j = 1; j <= 4; j++) {
System.out.print("."); // 4 dots
}

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 Nested for loop solution
Answer:
for (int line = 1; line <= 5; line++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= (-1 * line + 5); j++) {
System.out.print(".");
}
System.out.println(line);
}

Output:
....1
...2
..3
.4
5

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 Nested for loop exercise
What is the output of the following nested for loops?
for (int line = 1; line <= 5; line++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= (-1 * line + 5); j++) {
System.out.print(".");
}
for (int k = 1; k <= line; k++) {
System.out.print(line);
}
System.out.println();
}
Answer:
....1
...22
..333
.4444
55555
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 Nested for loop exercise
Modify the previous code to produce this output:
....1
...2.
..3..
.4...
5....
Answer:
for (int line = 1; line <= 5; line++) {
for (int j = 1; j <= (-1 * line + 5); j++) {
System.out.print(".");
}
System.out.print(line);
for (int j = 1; j <= (line - 1); j++) {
System.out.print(".");
}
System.out.println();
}
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 Common errors
Both of the following sets of code produce infinite loops:
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
for (int j = 1; i <= 5; j++) {
System.out.print(j);
}
System.out.println();
}

for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {

for (int j = 1; j <= 5; i++) {
System.out.print(j);
}
System.out.println();
}

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