CURVILINEAR MOTION:

GENERAL & RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS

Todays Objectives:
Students will be able to:
1. Describe the motion of a
particle traveling along a In-Class Activities:
curved path. Check Homework
2. Relate kinematic quantities
in terms of the rectangular Reading Quiz
components of the vectors. Applications
General Curvilinear Motion
Rectangular Components of
Kinematic Vectors
Concept Quiz
Group Problem Solving
Attention Quiz
Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.
R.C. Hibbeler All rights reserved.
 READING QUIZ

1. In curvilinear motion, the direction of the instantaneous

velocity is always
A) tangent to the hodograph.
B) perpendicular to the hodograph.
C) tangent to the path.
D) perpendicular to the path.

2. In curvilinear motion, the direction of the instantaneous

acceleration is always
A) tangent to the hodograph.
B) perpendicular to the hodograph.
C) tangent to the path.
D) perpendicular to the path.
Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.
R.C. Hibbeler All rights reserved.
 APPLICATIONS

The path of motion of a plane can

be tracked with radar and its x, y,
and z-coordinates (relative to a
point on earth) recorded as a
function of time.
How can we determine the velocity
or acceleration of the plane at any
instant?

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

R.C. Hibbeler All rights reserved.
 APPLICATIONS (continued)

A roller coaster car travels down

a fixed, helical path at a constant
speed.

How can we determine its

position or acceleration at any
instant?

If you are designing the track, why is it important to be

able to predict the acceleration of the car?

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

R.C. Hibbeler All rights reserved.
 GENERAL CURVILINEAR MOTION
(Section 12.4)
A particle moving along a curved path undergoes curvilinear motion.
Since the motion is often three-dimensional, vectors are usually used
to describe the motion.

A particle moves along a curve

defined by the path function, s.

The position of the particle at any instant is designated by the vector

r = r(t). Both the magnitude and direction of r may vary with time.

If the particle moves a distance Ds along the

curve during time interval Dt, the
displacement is determined by vector
subtraction: Dr = r - r
Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.
R.C. Hibbeler All rights reserved.
 VELOCITY

Velocity represents the rate of change in the position of a

particle.
The average velocity of the particle
during the time increment Dt is
vavg = Dr/Dt .
The instantaneous velocity is the
time-derivative of position
v = dr/dt .
The velocity vector, v, is always
tangent to the path of motion.
The magnitude of v is called the speed. Since the arc length Ds
approaches the magnitude of Dr as t0, the speed can be
obtained by differentiating the path function (v = ds/dt). Note
that this is not a vector!
Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.
R.C. Hibbeler All rights reserved.
 ACCELERATION

Acceleration represents the rate of change in the

velocity of a particle.

If a particles velocity changes from v to v over a

time increment Dt, the average acceleration during
that increment is:
aavg = Dv/Dt = (v - v)/Dt
The instantaneous acceleration is the time-
derivative of velocity:
a = dv/dt = d2r/dt2

A plot of the locus of points defined by the arrowhead

of the velocity vector is called a hodograph. The
acceleration vector is tangent to the hodograph, but
not, in general, tangent to the path function.
Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.
R.C. Hibbeler All rights reserved.
 CURVILINEAR MOTION:
RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS (Section 12.5)

It is often convenient to describe the motion of a particle in

terms of its x, y, z or rectangular components, relative to a fixed
frame of reference.
The position of the particle can be
defined at any instant by the
position vector
r=xi+yj+zk .
The x, y, z-components may all be
functions of time, i.e.,
x = x(t), y = y(t), and z = z(t) .

The magnitude of the position vector is: r = (x2 + y2 + z2)0.5

The direction of r is defined by the unit vector: ur = (1/r)r
Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.
R.C. Hibbeler All rights reserved.
 RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS: VELOCITY

The velocity vector is the time derivative of the position vector:

v = dr/dt = d(x i)/dt + d(y j)/dt + d(z k)/dt

Since the unit vectors i, j, k are constant in magnitude and

direction, this equation reduces to v = vx i + vy j + vz k

where vx = x = dx/dt, vy = y = dy/dt, vz = z = dz/dt

The magnitude of the velocity

vector is
v = [(vx)2 + (vy)2 + (vz)2]0.5

The direction of v is tangent

to the path of motion.

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

R.C. Hibbeler All rights reserved.
 RECTANGULAR COMPONENTS: ACCELERATION

The acceleration vector is the time derivative of the velocity

vector (second derivative of the position vector).
a = dv/dt = d2r/dt2 = ax i + ay j + az k

v
where ax = x = x v
= dvx /dt, ay = y = y = dvy /dt,
az = v z = z = dvz /dt
The magnitude of the acceleration vector is
a = (ax )2 +(ay )2 +(az )2

The direction of a is usually

not tangent to the path of the
particle.

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

R.C. Hibbeler All rights reserved.
 EXAMPLE

Given:The box slides down the slope described by the

equation y = (0.05x2) m, where x is in meters.
vx = -3 m/s, ax = -1.5 m/s2 at x = 5 m.

Find: The y components of the velocity and the acceleration

of the box at at x = 5 m.

Plan: Note that the particles velocity can be found by taking

the first time derivative of the paths equation. And the
acceleration can be found by taking the second time
derivative of the paths equation.

Take a derivative of the position to find the component

of the velocity and the acceleration.
Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.
R.C. Hibbeler All rights reserved.
 EXAMPLE (continued)

Solution:
Find the y-component of velocity by taking a time
derivative of the position y = (0.05x2)
y = 2 (0.05) x x = 0.1 x x

Find the acceleration component by taking a time

derivative of the velocity y

y = 0.1 x x + 0.1 x x

Substituting the x-component of the acceleration, velocity

at x=5 into y and y.

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

R.C. Hibbeler All rights reserved.
 EXAMPLE (continued)

Since x = vx = -3 m/s, x = ax = -1.5 m/s2 at x = 5 m

y = 0.1 x x = 0.1 (5) (-3) = -1.5 m/s

y = 0.1 x x + 0.1 x x
= 0.1 (-3)2 + 0.1 (5) (-1.5)
= 0.9 0.75
= 0.15 m/s2

At x = 5 m
vy = 1.5 m/s = 1.5 m/s
ay = 0.15 m/s2
Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.
R.C. Hibbeler All rights reserved.
 CONCEPT QUIZ

1. If the position of a particle is defined by r = [(1.5t2 + 1) i +

(4t 1) j ] (m), its speed at t = 1 s is ________.
A) 2 m/s B) 3 m/s
C) 5 m/s D) 7 m/s

2. The path of a particle is defined by y = 0.5x2. If the

component of its velocity along the x-axis at x = 2 m is
vx = 1 m/s, its velocity component along the y-axis at this
position is ____.
A) 0.25 m/s B) 0.5 m/s
C) 1 m/s D) 2 m/s

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

R.C. Hibbeler All rights reserved.
 GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING

Given: The particle travels along the path y = 0.5 x2.

When t = 0, x = y = z = 0.

Find: The particles distance and the magnitude of its

acceleration when t = 1 s, if vx = (5 t) ft/s, where t is in
seconds.
Plan:
1) Determine x and ax by integrating and differentiating
vx, respectively, using the initial conditions.
2) Find the y-component of velocity & acceleration by
taking a time derivative of the path.
3) Determine the magnitude of the acceleration &
position.
Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.
R.C. Hibbeler All rights reserved.
 GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued)

Solution:
1) x-components:

Velocity known as: vx = x = (5 t ) ft/s 5 ft/s at t=1s
t
Position:
vxdt = (5t) dt x = 2.5 t2 2.5 ft at t=1s
0

Acceleration: ax = x = d/dt (5 t) 5 ft/s2 at t=1s
2) y-components:
Position known as : y = 0.5 x2 3.125 ft at t=1s

Velocity: y = 0.5 (2) x x = x x 12.5 ft/s at t=1s

Acceleration: ay = y = x x + x x 37.5 ft/s2 at t=1s

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

R.C. Hibbeler All rights reserved.
 GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued)

3) The position vector and the acceleration vector are

Position vector: r = [ x i + y j ] ft
where x= 2.5 ft, y= 3.125 ft
Magnitude: r = 2.52 + 3.1252 = 4.00 ft

Acceleration vector: a = [ ax i + ay j] ft/s2

where ax = 5 ft/s2, ay = 37.5 ft/s2
Magnitude: a = 52 + 37.52 = 37.8 ft/s2

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

R.C. Hibbeler All rights reserved.
 ATTENTION QUIZ

1. If a particle has moved from A to B along the circular path in

4s, what is the average velocity of the particle?
y
A) 2.5 i m/s
B) 2.5 i +1.25 j m/s R=5m x
C) 1.25 i m/s A B

D) 1.25 j m/s
2. The position of a particle is given as r = (4t2 i - 2x j) m.
Determine the particles acceleration.
A) (4 i +8 j ) m/s2 B) (8 i -16 j ) m/s2
C) (8 i ) m/s2 D) (8 j ) m/s2

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

R.C. Hibbeler All rights reserved.
Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright 2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.
R.C. Hibbeler All rights reserved.