Introduction to Chapter 1

Digital technology is widely used. Examples:

Computers
Manufacturing systems
Medical Science
Transportation
Entertainment
Telecommunications
Basic digital concepts and terminology are
introduced

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 1-1 Numerical Representations
Physical systems use quantities which must
be manipulated arithmetically.
Quantities may be represented numerically
in either analog or digital form

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 1-1 Numerical Representations
Analog Representation
Varies over a continuous range of values
Examples of analog representation:
Sound through a microphone causes voltage
changes.
Automobile speedometer changes with speed.
Mercury thermometer varies over a range of values
with temperature.

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 1-1 Numerical Representations
Digital Representation
Varies in discrete (separate) steps.
Examples of digital representation:
Passing time is shown as a change in the display on
a digital clock at one minute intervals.
A change in temperature is shown on a digital
display only when the temperature changes at least
one degree.

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Digital Systems: Principles and Applications Ch01 Introduction to Digital System Ver 1.1 November 2012
 1-2 Digital and Analog Systems
Digital system
A combination of devices that manipulate
values represented in digital form.
Analog system
A combination of devices that manipulate
values represented in analog form

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 1-2 Digital and Analog Systems
Advantages of digital
Ease of design
Ease of storage
Accuracy and precision are easier to maintain
Programmable operation
Less affected by noise
Ease of fabrication on IC chips

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 1-2 Digital and Analog Systems
There are limits to digital techniques:
The world is analog
The analog nature of the world requires a time
consuming conversion process:

1. Convert analog inputs to digital

2. Process (operate on) the digital information
3. Convert the digital output back to analog

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 1-2 Digital and Analog Systems
This analog to digital conversion (ADC)
and digital to analog conversion (DAC)
process complicates circuitry.

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 1-2 Digital and Analog Systems
The audio CD is a typical hybrid (combination)
system.
Analog sound is converted into analog voltage.
Analog voltage is changed into digital through an ADC
in the recorder.
Digital information is stored on the CD .
At playback the digital information is changed into
analog by a DAC in the CD player.
The analog voltage is amplified and used to drive a
speaker that produces the original analog sound.

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 1-2 Digital and Analog Systems
There have been remarkable recent
advances in digital technology.
Advances will continue as digital
technology expands and improves.
This text will introduce tools and concepts
that will prepare you to work with digital
systems.

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Digital Systems: Principles and Applications Ch01 Introduction to Digital System Ver 1.1 November 2012
 1-3 Digital Number Systems
Understanding digital systems requires an
understanding of the decimal, binary, octal,
and hexadecimal numbering systems.

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 1-3 Digital Number Systems
Number systems differ in the amount of
symbols they use
Decimal 10 symbols (base 10)
Hexadecimal 16 symbols (base 16)
Octal 8 symbols (base 8)
Binary 2 symbols (base 2)

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 1-3 Digital Number Systems
The Decimal (base 10) System
10 symbols: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 , 7, 8, 9
Each number is a digit (from Latin for finger)
Most significant digit (MSD) and least significant digit (LSD)
Positional value may be stated as a digit multiplied by a power of
10

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Digital Systems: Principles and Applications Ch01 Introduction to Digital System Ver 1.1 November 2012
 1-3 Digital Number Systems
Decimal Counting

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Digital Systems: Principles and Applications Ch01 Introduction to Digital System Ver 1.1 November 2012
 1-3 Digital Number Systems
The Binary (base 2) System
2 symbols: 0,1
Lends itself to electronic circuit design since only two
different voltage levels are required.
Other number systems are used to represent binary
quantities.
Positional value may be stated as a digit multiplied by a
power of 2

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Digital Systems: Principles and Applications Ch01 Introduction to Digital System Ver 1.1 November 2012
 1-3 Digital Number Systems
Binary Counting

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 1-4 Representing Binary Quantities

Open and closed switches

Paper Tape

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Digital Systems: Principles and Applications Ch01 Introduction to Digital System Ver 1.1 November 2012
 1-4 Representing Binary Quantities

Wires and rows form a matrix. This forms

the foundation for programmable logic
devices that will be studied in depth later.

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 1-4 Representing Binary Quantities

Other two state devices:

Light bulb (off or on)
Diode (conducting or not conducting)
Relay (energized or not energized)
Transistor (cutoff or saturation)
Photocell (illuminated or dark)

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 1-4 Representing Binary Quantities

Exact voltage level is not important in digital

systems.
A voltage of 3.6 V will mean the same (binary 1)
as a voltage of 4.3 V.

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Digital Systems: Principles and Applications Ch01 Introduction to Digital System Ver 1.1 November 2012
 1-4 Representing Binary Quantities

Digital Signals and Timing Diagrams

Timing diagrams show voltage versus time.
Horizontal scale represents regular intervals of time
beginning at time zero.
Timing diagrams are used to show how digital signals
change with time.
Timing diagrams are used to compare two or more
digital signals.
The oscilloscope and logic analyzer are used to produce
timing diagrams.

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Digital Systems: Principles and Applications Ch01 Introduction to Digital System Ver 1.1 November 2012
 1-5 Digital Circuits/Logic Circuits

Digital circuits - produce and respond to

predefined voltage ranges.
Logic circuits used interchangeably with
the term, digital circuits.
Digital integrated circuits (ICs) provide
logic operations in a small reliable package.

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Digital Systems: Principles and Applications Ch01 Introduction to Digital System Ver 1.1 November 2012
 1-6 Parallel and Serial Transmission

Parallel transmission all bits in a binary

number are transmitted simultaneously. A
separate line is required for each bit.
Serial transmission each bit in a binary
number is transmitted per some time
interval.

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Digital Systems: Principles and Applications Ch01 Introduction to Digital System Ver 1.1 November 2012
 1-6 Parallel and Serial Transmission

Parallel transmission is faster but requires

more paths.
Serial is slower but requires a single path.
Both methods have useful applications
which will be seen in later chapters.

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Digital Systems: Principles and Applications Ch01 Introduction to Digital System Ver 1.1 November 2012
 1-7 Memory
A circuit which retains a response to a momentary
input is displaying memory.
Memory is important because it provides a way to
store binary numbers temporarily or permanently.
Memory elements include:
Magnetic
Optical
Electronic latching circuits

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 1-8 Digital Computers
Computer a system of hardware that
performs arithmetic operations, manipulates
data (usually in binary form), and makes
decisions.
Computers perform operations based on
instructions in the form of a program at high
speed and with a high degree of accuracy.

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 1-8 Digital Computers
Major parts of a computer
Input unit processes instructions and data into the
memory.
Memory unit stores data and instructions.
Control unit interprets instructions and sends
appropriate signals to other units as instructed.
Arithmetic/logic unit arithmetic calculations and
logical decisions are performed.
Output unit presents information from the memory to
the operator or process.
The control and arithmetic/logic units are often treated
as one and called the central processing unit (CPU)
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 1-8 Digital Computers
Types of computers
Microcomputer
Most common (desktop PCs)
Has become very powerful
Minicomputer (workstation)
Mainframe
Microcontroller
Designed for a specific application
Dedicated or embedded controllers
Used in appliances, manufacturing processes, auto ignition
systems, ABS systems, and many other applications.

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