Recurrent Neural Networks

Basic and Implementations

2016.10.05
2016 (KSC 2016)
What you will learn about RNN
What is Recurrent Neural Networks?

How to build a RNN model?

Manipulate time series data

For RNN models

Run and evaluate graph

Predict using RNN as regression model

Recurrent Neural Networks @ KSC2016 Page 2

Contents
Overview of TensorFlow

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN)

RNN Implementation

Case studies
Case study #1: MNIST using RNN
Case study #2: sine function
Case study #3: electricity price forecasting

Conclusions

Q&A

Recurrent Neural Networks @ KSC2016 Page 3

Contents
Overview of TensorFlow

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN)

RNN Implementation

Case studies
Case study #1: MNIST using RNN
Case study #2: sine function
Case study #3: electricity price forecasting

Conclusions

Q&A

Recurrent Neural Networks @ KSC2016 Page 4

TensorFlow
Open Source Software Library for Machine Intelligence

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Prerequisite
Software
TensorFlow (r0.10)
Python (2.7.6)
Numpy (1.11.1)
Pandas (0.18.1)

Tutorials
Recurrent Neural Networks, TensorFlow Tutorials
Sequence-to-Sequence Models, TensorFlow Tutorials

Blog Posts
Understanding LSTM Networks (Chris Olah @ colah.github.io)
Introduction to Recurrent Networks in TensorFlow (Danijar Hafner @ danijar.com)

Book
Deep Learning, I. Goodfellow, Y. Bengio, and A. Courville, MIT Press, 2016

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Contents
Overview of TensorFlow

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN)

RNN Implementation

Case studies
Case study #1: MNIST using RNN
Case study #2: sine function
Case study #3: electricity price forecasting

Conclusions

Q&A

Recurrent Neural Networks @ KSC2016 Page 7

Recurrent Neural Networks
Neural Networks Recurrent Neural Networks

... ...

Inputs and outputs are independent Sequential inputs and outputs

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Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN)

: the input at time step

: the hidden state at time
: the output state at time

Image from WILDML.com: RECURRENT NEURAL NETWORKS TUTORIAL, PART 1 INTRODUCTION TO RNNS

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Overall procedure: RNN
Initialization
All zeros

Random values (dependent on activation function)

Xavier initialization [1]:

1 1
Random values in the interval from , ,

where n is the number of incoming connections
from the previous layer

X. Glorot and Y. Bengio, Understanding the difficulty of training deep feedforward neural networks (2010)

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Overall procedure: RNN
Initialization
Forward Propagation
= + 1

: new state
1 : old state
: input vector at some time step

Function usually is a nonlinearity such as tanh or ReLU

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Overall procedure: RNN
Initialization
Forward Propagation
Calculating the loss
: the labeled data
: the output data

Cross-entropy loss:
1
, = log( )

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Overall procedure: RNN
Initialization
Forward Propagation
Calculating the loss
Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD)
Push the parameters into a direction that reduced the error
The directions: the gradients on the loss

: , ,

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Overall procedure: RNN
Initialization
Forward Propagation
Calculating the loss
Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD)
Backpropagation Through Time (BPTT)
Long-term dependencies
vanishing/exploding gradient problem

Backpropagation

Backpropagation
Through Time
(BPTT)
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 Vanishing gradient over time
Standard RNN with sigmoid
The sensitivity of the input values
decays over time
The network forgets the previous input

Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) [2]

The cell remember the input as long as
it wants
The output can be used anytime it wants

A. Graves. Supervised Sequence Labelling with Recurrent Neural Networks (2012)

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Standard RNN

Simple tanh layer

Blog post by C. Olah. Understanding LSTM Networks (2015)

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Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)

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Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)
Cell state = conveyor belt!

Forget
Input
Update
Output

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Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)
Forget gate

LSTM have the ability to remove or add information to the cell state, carefully regulated
by structures call gates.

The decision what information were going to throw away from the cell state is made by
a sigmoid layer forget gate layer

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Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)
Input gate

Decide what new information were going to store in the cell state
First, input gate layer decide which values well update
Next, tanh layer creates a vector of new candidate values
Finally, combine two to create an update to the state

Recurrent Neural Networks @ KSC2016 Page 20

Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)
Update

Forget old thing

Add new thing

This is where wed actually drop the information about the old subjects gender and add
the new information, as we decided in the previous steps.

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Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM)
Output

Output will be based on cell state.

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Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU)

Combine the forget and input gates into a single update gate
Merge the cell state and hidden state

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LSTM vs GRU

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Design Patterns for RNN
RNN Sequences

Task Input Output

Image classification fixed-sized image fixed-sized class
Image captioning image input sentence of words
Sentiment analysis sentence positive or negative sentiment
Machine translation sentence in English sentence in French
Video classification video sequence label each frame

Blog post by A. Karpathy. The Unreasonable Effectiveness of Recurrent Neural Networks (2015)

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Contents
Overview of TensorFlow

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN)

RNN Implementation

Case studies
Case study #1: MNIST using RNN
Case study #2: sine function
Case study #3: electricity price forecasting

Conclusions

Q&A

Recurrent Neural Networks @ KSC2016 Page 26

RNN Implementation
Recurrent States
Choose RNN cell type
Use multiple RNN cells

Input layer
Prepare time series data as RNN input
Data splitting
Connect input and recurrent layers

Output layer
Add DNN layer
Add regression model

Create RNN model for regression

Train & Prediction

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1) Choose the RNN cell type
Neural Network RNN Cells (tf.nn.rnn_cell)
BasicRNNCell (tf.nn.rnn_cell.BasicRNNCell)
activation : tanh()
num_units : The number of units in the RNN cell

BasicLSTMCell (tf.nn.rnn_cell.BasicLSTMCell)
The implementation is based on RNN Regularization[3]
activation : tanh()
state_is_tuple : 2-tuples of the accepted and returned states

GRUCell (tf.nn.rnn_cell.GRUCell)
Gated Recurrent Unit cell[4]
activation : tanh()

LSTMCell (tf.nn.rnn_cell.LSTMCell)
use_peepholes (bool) : diagonal/peephole connections[5].
cell_clip (float) : the cell state is clipped by this value prior to the cell output activation.
num_proj (int): The output dimensionality for the projection matrices

W. Zaremba, L. Sutskever, and O. Vinyals, Recurrent Neural Network Regularization (2014)

K. Cho et al., Learning Phrase Representations using RNN Encoder-Decoder for Statistical Machine Translation (2014)
H. Sak et al., Long short-term memory recurrent neural network architectures for large scale acoustic modeling (2014)

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LAB-1) Choose the RNN Cell type
Import tensorflow as tf

num_units = 100

rnn_cell = tf.nn.rnn_cell.BasicRNNCell(num_units)
rnn_cell = tf.nn.rnn_cell.BasicLSTMCell(num_units)
rnn_cell = tf.nn.rnn_cell.GRUCell(num_units)
rnn_cell = tf.nn.rnn_cell.LSTMCell(num_units)

BasicRNNCell BasicLSTMCell

GRUCell LSTMCell

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2) Use the multiple RNN cells
RNN Cell wrapper (tf.nn.rnn_cell.MultiRNNCell)
Create a RNN cell composed sequentially of a number of RNN Cells.

RNN Dropout (tf.nn.rnn_cell.Dropoutwrapper)

Add dropout to inputs and outputs of the given cell.

RNN Embedding wrapper (tf.nn.rnn_cell.EmbeddingWrapper)

Add input embedding to the given cell.
Ex) word2vec, GloVe

RNN Input Projection wrapper (tf.nn.rnn_cell.InputProjectionWrapper)

Add input projection to the given cell.

RNN Output Projection wrapper (tf.nn.rnn_cell.OutputProjectionWrapper)

Add output projection to the given cell.

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LAB-2) Use the multiple RNN cells
rnn_cell = tf.nn.rnn_cell.DropoutWrapper
(rnn_cell, input_keep_prob=0.8, output_keep_prob=0.8)

output_keep_prob=0.8

GRU/LSTM

Input_keep_prob=0.8

Stacked_lstm = tf.nn.rnn_cell.MultiRNNCell([rnn_cell] * depth)

GRU/LSTM

GRU/LSTM depth

GRU/LSTM

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3) Prepare the time series data
Split raw data into train, validation, and test dataset
split_data [6]

data : raw data

val_size : the ratio of validation set (ex. val_size=0.2)
test_size : the ratio of test set (ex. test_size=0.2)

def split_data(data, val_size=0.2, test_size=0.2):

ntest = int(round(len(data) * (1 - test_size)))
nval = int(round(len(data.iloc[:ntest]) * (1 - val_size)))

df_train, df_val, df_test = data.iloc[:nval], data.iloc[nval:ntest],

data.iloc[ntest:]

return df_train, df_val, df_test

M. Mourafiq, tensorflow-lstm-regression (code: https://github.com/mouradmourafiq/tensorflow-lstm-regression)

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LAB-3) Prepare the time series data
train, val, test = split_data(raw_data, val_size=0.2, test_size=0.2)

Raw data
(100%)

Train Test
(80%) (20%)

Train Validation Test

(80%) (20%) (20%)

64% 16% 20%

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3) Prepare the time series data
Generate sequence pair (x, y)
rnn_data [6]
labels : True for input data (x) / False for target data (y)
num_split : time_steps
data : our data

def rnn_data(data, time_steps, labels=False):

"""
creates new data frame based on previous observation
* example:
l = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
time_steps = 2
-> labels == False [[1, 2], [2, 3], [3, 4]]
-> labels == True [3, 4, 5]
"""
rnn_df = []
for i in range(len(data) - time_steps):
if labels:
try:
rnn_df.append(data.iloc[i + time_steps].as_matrix())
except AttributeError:
rnn_df.append(data.iloc[i + time_steps])
else:
data_ = data.iloc[i: i + time_steps].as_matrix()
rnn_df.append(data_ if len(data_.shape) > 1 else [[i] for i in data_])
return np.array(rnn_df)

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 LAB-3) Prepare the time series data
time_steps = 10
train_x = rnn_data(df_train, time_steps, labels=false)
train_y = rnn_data(df_train, time_steps, labels=true)

df_train [1:10000]

train_x
x #9990
x #01
[1, 2, 3, ,10]
x #02
[2, 3, 4, ,11]
[9990, 9991, 9992, ,9999]

train_y
y #01 y #02 y #9990
10000
11 12

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4) Split our data
Split time series data into smaller tensors
split (tf.split)
split_dim : batch_size
num_split : time_steps
value : our data

split_squeeze (tf.contrib.learn.ops.split_squeeze)
Splits input on given dimension and then squeezes that dimension.
dim
num_split
tensor_in

From 0.10rc,
tf:split_squeeze is deprecated and will be removed after 2016-08-01. Use tf.unpack instead.

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LAB-4) Split our data
time_step = 10

x_split = split_squeeze(1, time_steps, x_data)

x #01
[1, 2, 3, ,10]

split_squeeze

1 2 3 10 9 8 7

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5) Connect input and recurrent layers
Create a recurrent neural network specified by RNNCell
rnn (tf.nn.rnn)
Args:
cell : an instance of RNNCell
inputs : list of inputs, tensor shape = [batch_size, input_size]

Returns:
(outputs, state)
outputs : list of outputs
state : the final state

dynamic_rnn (tf.nn.dynamic_rnn)
Args:
cell : an instance of RNNCell
inputs : list of inputs, tensor shape = [batch_size, input_size]

Returns:
(outputs, state)
outputs : the RNN output
state : the final state

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LAB-5) Connect input and recurrent layers
rnn_cell = tf.nn.rnn_cell.BasicLSTMCell(num_units)
stacked_lstm = tf.nn.rnn_cell.MultiRNNCell([rnn_cell] * depth)
x_split = tf.split(batch_size, time_steps, x_data)
output, state = tf.nn.rnn(stacked_lstm, x_split)

9 8 7

LSTM LSTM LSTM LSTM

LSTM LSTM LSTM LSTM

LSTM LSTM LSTM LSTM

9 8 7

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6) Output Layer
Add DNN layer
dnn (tf.contrib.learn.ops.dnn)
input_layer
hidden units

Add Linear Regression

linear_regression (tf.contrib.learn.models.linear_regression)
X
y

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LAB-6) Output Layer
dnn_output = dnn(rnn_output, [10, 10])
LSTM_Regressor = linear_regression(dnn_output, y)

Linear regression

DNN Layer 2 with 10 hidden units

DNN Layer 1 with 10 hidden units

LSTM LSTM LSTM LSTM

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 7) Create RNN model for regression
TensorFlowEstimator (tf.contrib.learn.TensorFlowEstimator)

regressor =
learn.TensorFlowEstimator(model_fn=LSTM_Regressor,
n_classes=0, verbose=1, steps=TRAINING_STEPS, optimizer='Adagrad',
learning_rate=0.03, batch_size=BATCH_SIZE)

regressor.fit(X['train'], y['train']

predicted = regressor.predict(X['test'])
mse = mean_squared_error(y['test'], predicted)

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Contents
Overview of TensorFlow

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN)

RNN Implementation

Case studies
Case study #1: MNIST using RNN
Case study #2: sine function
Case study #3: electricity price forecasting

Conclusions

Q&A

Recurrent Neural Networks @ KSC2016 Page 43

MNIST using RNN

https://github.com/tgjeon/TensorFlow-Tutorials-for-Time-Series/blob/master/mnist-
rnn.ipynb

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Contents
Overview of TensorFlow

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN)

RNN Implementation

Case studies
Case study #1: MNIST using RNN
Case study #2: sine function
Case study #3: electricity price forecasting

Conclusions

Q&A

Recurrent Neural Networks @ KSC2016 Page 45

Case study #1: sine function

%matplotlib inline
import numpy as np
from matplotlib import pyplot as plt

from tensorflow.contrib import learn

from sklearn.metrics import mean_squared_error,
mean_absolute_error
from lstm_predictor import generate_data, lstm_model

Libraries
numpy: package for scientific computing
matplotlib: 2D plotting library
tensorflow: open source software library for machine intelligence
learn: Simplified interface for TensorFlow (mimicking Scikit Learn) for Deep Learning
mse: "mean squared error" as evaluation metric
lstm_predictor: our lstm class

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Case study #1: sine function

LOG_DIR = './ops_logs'
TIMESTEPS = 5
RNN_LAYERS = [{'steps': TIMESTEPS}]
DENSE_LAYERS = [10, 10]
TRAINING_STEPS = 100000
BATCH_SIZE = 100
PRINT_STEPS = TRAINING_STEPS / 100

Parameter definitions
LOG_DIR: log file
TIMESTEPS: RNN time steps
RNN_LAYERS: RNN layer information
DENSE_LAYERS: Size of DNN[10, 10]: Two dense layer with 10 hidden units
TRAINING_STEPS
BATCH_SIZE
PRINT_STEPS

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Case study #1: sine function

X, y = generate_data(np.sin, np.linspace(0, 100, 10000), TIMESTEPS,

seperate=False)

Generate waveform
fct: function
x: observation
time_steps: timesteps
seperate: check multimodality

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Case study #1: sine function

regressor =
learn.TensorFlowEstimator(model_fn=lstm_model(TIMESTEPS,
RNN_LAYERS, DENSE_LAYERS), n_classes=0, verbose=1,
steps=TRAINING_STEPS, optimizer='Adagrad', learning_rate=0.03,
batch_size=BATCH_SIZE)

Create a regressor with TF Learn

model_fn: regression model
n_classes: 0 for regression
verbose:
steps: training steps
optimizer: ("SGD", "Adam", "Adagrad")
learning_rate
batch_size

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Case study #1: sine function
validation_monitor = learn.monitors.ValidationMonitor(
X['val'], y['val'], every_n_steps=PRINT_STEPS,
early_stopping_rounds=1000)

regressor.fit(X['train'], y['train'],
monitors=[validation_monitor], logdir=LOG_DIR)

predicted = regressor.predict(X['test'])
mse = mean_squared_error(y['test'], predicted)
print ("Error: %f" % mse)

Error: 0.000294

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Case study #1: sine function
plot_predicted, = plt.plot(predicted, label='predicted')
plot_test, = plt.plot(y['test'], label='test')
plt.legend(handles=[plot_predicted, plot_test])

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Contents
Overview of TensorFlow

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN)

RNN Implementation

Case studies
Case study #1: MNIST using RNN
Case study #2: sine function
Case study #3: electricity price forecasting

Conclusions

Q&A

Recurrent Neural Networks @ KSC2016 Page 52

Energy forecasting problems

Energy signal Current time Signal forecast

(e.g. load, price, generation)

External signal
(e.g. Weather) External forecast
(e.g. Weather forecast)

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Dataset: Historical Data (2015-16) Prices
Prices ( / MWh )
Hourly real electricity price for MIBEL (the Portuguese (PT) area)
Duration: Jan 1st, 2015 (UTC 00:00) Feb 2nd, 2016 (UTC 23:00)

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Dataset: Historical Data (2015-16) Prices
date (UTC) Price
01/01/2015 0:00 48.1
01/01/2015 1:00 47.33
01/01/2015 2:00 42.27
01/01/2015 3:00 38.41
01/01/2015 4:00 35.72
01/01/2015 5:00 35.13
01/01/2015 6:00 36.22
01/01/2015 7:00 32.4
01/01/2015 8:00 36.6
01/01/2015 9:00 43.1
01/01/2015 10:00 45.14
01/01/2015 11:00 45.14
01/01/2015 12:00 47.35
01/01/2015 13:00 47.35
01/01/2015 14:00 43.61
01/01/2015 15:00 44.91
01/01/2015 16:00 48.1
01/01/2015 17:00 58.02
01/01/2015 18:00 61.01
01/01/2015 19:00 62.69
01/01/2015 20:00 60.41
01/01/2015 21:00 58.15
01/01/2015 22:00 53.6
01/01/2015 23:00 47.34

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Case study #2: Electricity Price Forecasting

dateparse = lambda dates: pd.datetime.strptime(dates, '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M')

rawdata = pd.read_csv("./input/ElectricityPrice/RealMarketPriceDataPT.csv",
parse_dates={'timeline': ['date', '(UTC)']},
index_col='timeline', date_parser=dateparse)

X, y = load_csvdata(rawdata, TIMESTEPS, seperate=False)

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Tensorboard: Main Graph

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Tensorboard: RNN

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Tensorboard: DNN

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Tensorboard: Linear Regression

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Tensorboard: loss

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Tensorboard: Histogram

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Contents
Overview of TensorFlow

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN)

RNN Implementation

Case studies
Case study #1: MNIST using RNN
Case study #2: sine function
Case study #3: electricity price forecasting

Conclusions

Q&A

Recurrent Neural Networks @ KSC2016 Page 63

Conclusion
LSTM and GRU

Data preparation

RNN source code in TensorFlow is simple,

but required time for training is painful.

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Contents
Overview of TensorFlow

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN)

RNN Implementation

Case studies
Case study #1: MNIST using RNN
Case study #2: sine function
Case study #3: electricity price forecasting

Conclusions

Q&A

Recurrent Neural Networks @ KSC2016 Page 65

Q&A

, PhD

Senior Researcher, R&D Center. SATREC INITIATIVE

Contact: [email protected], [email protected]
Github for this tutorial: https://github.com/tgjeon/TensorFlow-Tutorials-for-Time-Series

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