Smart Energy

Mix
Congres
Donderdag
12 oktober 2006
Hogeschool
Windesheim Zwolle

KIVI NIRIA. Van techniek tot toekomst.

Brandstofefficiency voor
stadsbussen

Ing. Arjan Heinen

KIVI NIRIA. Van techniek tot toekomst.

 What do you feel is right
How much energy or force is needed at a speed of 50 km/hour?

Vehicle weight = 1000 KG

Constant Speed = 50Km/h

1. This car needs 1 kW of power

2. This car needs 5 kW of power

3. This car needs 10 kW of power

4. This car needs 20 kW of power

 System Efficiency Theory
How much energy or force is needed at a speed of 50 km/hour?

SUV weight = 1000 KG

Rolling Resistance 10 kg/ton = 10 KG
Wheel Radius = 0.3 m
Necessary torque - 10 x 0.3 x 9.8 = 30 Nm
Distance @ 50 km/h - 50,000/60 = 833 m/min
RPM @ 50 km/h - 833m/(0.6m x 3.14) = 443 RPM
 System Efficiency Theory
How much energy or force is needed at a speed of 50 km/hour?

Power = Torque (Nm) x Speed (RPM) / 9550

Power needed to operate an SUV @ 50km/hour

kW = 30 x 443 / 9550 = 1,34 kW or 1,82 hp

Mechanical Requirement 1,39 kW or 1,82 hp
Auxiliaries and Air Resistance 0,79 kW or 0,81 hp
Total Power Consumption 2,00 kW or 2,58 hp
.
That is roughly the power of 1,5 coffee machines.
 System Efficiency Theory
How much energy or force is needed at a speed of 50 km/hour?

The specific fuel consumption of a motor is 0.275 liter per kW

Specific means fuel in - power out, including efficiency of the motor.

The fuel consumption to operate a vehicle @ 50km/hour for one hour

Fuel Consumption = 0.275 (liter/kW) x 2,18 kW= 0,6 liter.

Theoretically such a car should have a fuel consumption of:

1,2 liter/100km or 84 km/liter

Reality Check Theory versus Fact
Manufacturers specified Gearbox Efficiency: 95%

Fuel consumption should therefore be:

kWh / Efficiency x SFC for 100 km = 2,18 / 0.95 x 0.275 x 2 =

1,25 liter/100 km or 80 km/liter

In reality fuel consumption of this vehicle @ 50km/hour is about:

5,5 liter/100km or 18,1 km/liter.

Actual Gearbox Efficiency @ 50 km/h:

(1,25 x 0.95) / 5,5 x 100 = 21%

 What do you feel is right
How much energy or force is needed at a speed of 50 km/hour?

Vehicle weight = 1000 KG

Constant Speed = 50Km/h

1. This car needs 1,34 kW of power

 e-Traction System Performance
TNO Road-tests* confirm Whisper's
energy consumption

liters/100 km km per liter

e-Traction System City 15.0 6.7

Highway 12.8 7.8

Classic technology City 45.0 2.2

Highway 33.0 3.3

* Since March 2005 in simulated passenger service.

 e-Traction System Performance
Mitsubishi Colt EV test car uses in-wheel motors & lithium-ion batteries.
energy consumption comparison

liters/100 km km per liter

City
e-Traction System @50km/uur 1,2 84

Highway
@ 80km/uur 3,2 31,3

City
Classic technology @50km/uur 5,5 18,1

Highway
@ 80km/uur 5,5 18,1
 e-Traction System Innovations
Emission reduction: a function of reduced energy consumption,
the e-Mission Particle Eliminator and a silent APU

Pollution control

Computerized
Energy Mgt.
Batteries

APU (generator)

Traction System
 Annual CO2 Emission Reduction
e-Traction powered Whisper Bus

Emissions are to a large extend a function of fuel consumption, thus

Annual Fuel Savings: (annual mileage current km/l) - (annual mileage Whisper km/l)

for example: (90,000 km 2 km/l) - (90,000 6) = 30,000 liters per year

Annual CO2 emission reduction: @ 2.648 kg per liter of diesel

79.4 metric tons per year

 Particle Reduction of e-Traction powered Bus
(with 66.7% reduction in fuel-consumption and e-Mission Particle Eliminator*)

Roof-mounted container with cyclones, muffler and electronic controls

Receptacles collect carbon

deposits that only need
to be emptied periodically

The Whisper produces only (100% - 66.7%) * 0.8 = 6.7% of the PM2.5 particles of an average Dutch city bus.

* Currently in testing already achieving a greater than 80% reduction

TheWheel: an Electric Direct Drive Wheel-hub Traction-system
The primary Source of Energy Conservation
90+% of the energy used actually reaches the contact patch with the road

Tire
Rim
The only moving part!

VDC Energy Input

90+%

Energy Output @ Contact Patch

 Advantages of
in wheel direct drive
Easy mechanical connection to the vehicles. (Quick connects.)
Easy wiring (power supply 2 cables and command through Can bus). (Quick connects.)
Complete drive train in the wheels itself. (no gears).
Complete Power electronics in the wheel itself.
Very high efficiency. (especially @ low speed).
Noise free operation. (variable frequency).
Wheels are sold state. (no maintenance).
Torque control. (speed control available)
Traction control, ABS, Anti rollback, dynamic handbrake, EPS. (implemented by software)
Regenerative braking (less brake wear.).
Dynamic differential.
4 independent drives and Thus more reliability.
 e-Traction Direct-Drive Product Range

e-TractionSM350/1, TheWheel SM500/1, SM500/2 and SM700/3

 e-Traction Low Floor Rear Axle
Compatible with commonly used designs

90 cm wide aisle, 50 cm above surface @ 15 cm ground clearance

Light weight composite e-Traction Bus
Fuel consumption certified by TNO
Who decides if this revolution is going to work.

Lets have a closer look at the stakeholders in the chain of

those how will benefit from innovations.

3 different groups can be identified.

Who decides if this revolution is going to work.

Group number 1
High Priority

A: Inhabitants of cities and bus users.

B: Local Governments
C: Regional Governments / Central Government

Cleaner air.
Less noise.
Lower cost of health care.
Lower cost of transportation.
Who decides if this revolution is going to work.

Group number 2
No high Priority
A: Bus operators
B: Bus builders
Risk of innovation.
No back up from the authorities.
No incentive because rules are not necessary to fulfill.
Afraid of cost increase in service and maintenance.
Strong demand in reliability from authorities.
No guarantee that they can keep fuel reduction.
Who decides if this revolution is going to work.
Group number 3
No Priority at all
A: Chassis manufacturing.
B: Suppliers of classic technology (motor/gearboxes) (e-Traction)
C: Producer of Hardware like bolts en nuts .

Risk of innovation.
No connection with the authorities.
Production cost will be higher.
Strong demand in reliability from busbuilder and operators.
Do not benefit from fuel and maintenance reduction.
Have to school new generation of service and maintenance personnel.
 Group number 1 decides if this revolution is
going to work.
High Priority
A: Inhabitants of cities and bus users.
Clean air
less noise
Healthier cities

B: Local / Regional Governments

Lower cost of transportation

C: Central Government
Lower cost of transportation
Lower costs of healthcare
Complying to Kyoto rules
Complying to EU regulations
 Discussieer mee op

www.DeIngenieurs.nl

KIVI NIRIA. Van techniek tot toekomst.