Why Study Electromagnetics?

UNIT I - INTRODUCTION

Sources and effects of electromagnetic

fields Vector fields Different co-
ordinate systems- vector calculus
Gradient, Divergence and Curl -
Divergence theorem Stokes theorem.
Examples of Electromagnetic
Applications
Examples of Electromagnetic
Applications, Contd
Examples of Electromagnetic
Applications, Contd
Examples of Electromagnetic
Applications, Contd
Examples of Electromagnetic
Applications, Contd
 Research Areas of
Electromagnetics
Antenas
Microwaves
Computational Electromagnetics
Electromagnetic Scattering
Electromagnetic Propagation
Radars
Optics
etc
Why is Electromagnetics
Difficult?
What is Electromagnetics?
What is a charge q?
Fundamental Laws of
Electromagnetics
Steps in Studying Electromagnetics
SI (International System) of
Units
Units Derived From the
Fundamental Units
Fundamental Electromagnetic Field
Quantities
Three Universal Constants
Fundamental Relationships
 Scalar and Vector Fields
A scalar field is a function that gives us
a single value of some variable for
every point in space.
Examples: voltage, current, energy,
temperature
A vector is a quantity which has both a
magnitude and a direction in space.
Examples: velocity, momentum, acceleration
and force
Example of a Scalar Field
 Scalar Fields

e.g. Temperature: Every location has

associated value (number with units)
21
 Scalar Fields - Contours

Colors represent surface temperature

Contour lines show constant temperatures
22
Fields are 3D

T = T(x,y,z)
Hard to visualize
Work in 2D

23
 Vector Fields
Vector (magnitude, direction) at every point
in space

Example: Velocity vector field - jet stream

24
Vector Fields Explained
Examples of Vector Fields
Examples of Vector Fields
Examples of Vector Fields
 VECTOR REPRESENTATION

3 PRIMARY COORDINATE SYSTEMS:

RECTANGULAR
Choice is based on
symmetry of problem
CYLINDRICAL

SPHERICAL Examples:
Sheets - RECTANGULAR

Wires/Cables - CYLINDRICAL

Spheres - SPHERICAL
Orthogonal Coordinate Systems: (coordinates mutually perpendicular)
Cartesian Coordinates z
P(x,y,z)
y
Rectangular Coordinates
P (x,y,z) x

z
z
P(r, , z)
Cylindrical Coordinates
P (r, , z) r y
x

z
Spherical Coordinates P(r, , )
r
P (r, , )

y
x

Page 108
-Parabolic Cylindrical Coordinates (u,v,z)
-Paraboloidal Coordinates (u, v, )
-Elliptic Cylindrical Coordinates (u, v, z)
-Prolate Spheroidal Coordinates (, , )
-Oblate Spheroidal Coordinates (, , )
-Bipolar Coordinates (u,v,z)
-Toroidal Coordinates (u, v, )
-Conical Coordinates (, , )
-Confocal Ellipsoidal Coordinate (, , )
-Confocal Paraboloidal Coordinate (, , )
Parabolic Cylindrical Coordinates
Paraboloidal Coordinates
Elliptic Cylindrical Coordinates
Prolate Spheroidal Coordinates
Oblate Spheroidal Coordinates
Bipolar Coordinates
Toroidal Coordinates
Conical Coordinates
Confocal Ellipsoidal Coordinate
Confocal Paraboloidal Coordinate
 z z
P(r, , )
Cartesian Coordinates P(x,y,z)
r P(x,y,z) y

y x
x

Spherical Coordinates Cylindrical Coordinates

P(r, , ) z P(r, , z)

z
P(r, , z)

r y
x
 VECTOR NOTATION
VECTOR NOTATION: Rectangular or
Cartesian
A Axax Ayay Azaz Coordinate
System
z
A B AxBx AyBy AzBz Dot Product
(SCALAR)

a x a y a z

A B Ax Ay Az Cross Product
Bx By Bz (VECTOR)
y
x


1
A Ax2 Ay2 Az2 2 Magnitude of vector
 Cartesian Coordinates
( x, y, z)
Vector representation
z
A xAx yAy zAz z1

Z plane
Magnitude of A A( x1 , y1 , z1 )
x plane
A A A Ax2 Ay2 Az2 Az
z y y1
x y
Position vector A
Ay
Ax
x1
xx1 yy1 zz1 x

Base vector properties x y z

x x y y z z 1 y z x
x y y z z x 0 z x y
Page 109
 Cartesian Coordinates
z

Dot product:

A B Ax Bx Ay By Az Bz Az A
B

Cross product: y
Ay
Ax

x y z x

A B Ax Ay Az
Bx By Bz

Back Page 108

VECTOR REPRESENTATION: CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

UNIT VECTORS:
Cylindrical representation uses: r ,f , z

a r a f a z
A Arar Afaf Azaz

A B ArBr AfBf AzBz
Dot Product
(SCALAR)

z
r
P

x f y
 VECTOR REPRESENTATION: SPHERICAL COORDINATES

UNIT VECTORS:
Spherical representation uses: r ,q , f

a r aq af
A Ar ar Aq aq Af af

A B ArBr AqBq AfBf
Dot Product
(SCALAR)

q P

x f y
VECTOR REPRESENTATION: UNIT VECTORS
Rectangular Coordinate System
z Unit Vector
az Representation
for Rectangular
Coordinate
System

a x a y

x
The Unit Vectors imply :

a x Points in the direction of increasing x

a y Points in the direction of increasing y

Points in the direction of increasing z

az
 VECTOR REPRESENTATION: UNIT VECTORS
Cylindrical Coordinate System
z
r
az
P
af
z

ar
x f y

The Unit Vectors imply :

ar Points in the direction of increasing r

af Points in the direction of increasing j

Points in the direction of increasing z

az
VECTOR REPRESENTATION: UNIT VECTORS
Spherical Coordinate System

z af
q P
ar
r

f
aq
y
x

The Unit Vectors imply :

ar Points in the direction of increasing r

aq Points in the direction of increasing q

af Points in the direction of increasing j

VECTOR REPRESENTATION: UNIT VECTORS

Summary

RECTANGULAR CYLINDRICAL SPHERICAL

Coordinate Coordinate Coordinate
Systems Systems Systems

a x a y a z a r a f a z a r aq af

NOTE THE ORDER!

r,f, z r,q ,f

Note: We do not emphasize transformations between coordinate systems

 METRIC COEFFICIENTS
Unit is in meters
1. Rectangular Coordinates:

When you move a small amount in x-direction, the distance is dx

In a similar fashion, you generate dy and dz

 Cartesian Coordinates

Differential quantities:

Length:

dl xdx ydy zdz
Area:

ds x xdydz

ds y ydxdz

ds z zdxdy
Volume:

dv dxdydz

Page 109
 METRIC COEFFICIENTS

2. Cylindrical Coordinates:
y Differential Distances:
Distance = r df
( dr, rdf, dz )

df
r

x
 METRIC COEFFICIENTS

3. Spherical Coordinates:
y Differential Distances:
Distance = r sinq df
( dr, rdq, r sinq df )
z
df
r sinq q P
x
r

f y
x
 METRIC COEFFICIENTS

Representation of differential length dl in coordinate systems:

rectangular
dl dx ax dy ay dz az

cylindrical dl dr ar r df af dz az

spherical dl dr ar rdq aq r sin qdf af
 AREA INTEGRALS

integration over 2 delta distances dy

dx
Example:
y
7 6

6
AREA = dy dx
3 2
= 16

2 Note that: z = constant

3 7 In this course, area & surface integrals will be

x
on similar types of surfaces e.g. r =constant
or f = constant or q = constant et c.
 SURFACE NORMAL

Representation of differential surface element:

Vector is NORMAL
to surface ds dx dy a z
 DIFFERENTIALS FOR INTEGRALS

Example of Line differentials

dl dx a x or dl dr a r or dl rdf af

Example of Surface differentials

ds dx dy a z or ds rdf dz ar

Example of Volume differentials dv dx dy dz

 Cylindrical Coordinates
( r, , z)
r radial distance in x-y plane 0r
azimuth angle measured from the positive
x-axis 0 2
A1
Z z

Vector representation

A zAz
A a A rAr
Base
Vectors

Magnitude of A
Base vector properties
A A A Ar2 A2 Az2
z,
r
Position vector A
z r,
rr1 zz1
z r
Back Pages 109-112
 Cylindrical Coordinates

Dot product:

A B Ar Br Af Bf Az Bz

B A
Cross product:

r f z

A B Ar Af Az
Br Bf Bz

Back Pages 109-111

 Cylindrical Coordinates

Differential quantities:

Length:

rd zdz
dl rdr
Area:

dsr rrddz
drdz
ds

ds z zrdrd
Volume:

dv rdrddz
Pages 109-112
 Spherical Coordinates
Vector representation (R, , )

A R AR qAq fAf

Magnitude of A

A A A AR2 Aq2 Af2

Position vector A

R R1
Base vector properties

R

,
R , R

Back Pages 113-115
 Spherical Coordinates

Dot product:

A B AR BR Aq Bq Af Bf
B A

Cross product:

R q f

A B AR Aq Af
BR Bq Bf

Back Pages 113-114

 Spherical Coordinates
dlR dR
dl Rd
Differential quantities:

Length:
dl R sin d
dl R dlR
dl

dl

R dR Rd
R sin d
Area:

dsR R dl dl R R 2 sin dd
dl dl R sin dRd
ds R
dlR dl RdRd
ds

Volume:

dv R 2 sin dRd d
Back Pages 113-115
 Cartesian to Cylindrical Transformation

Ar Ax cos f Ay sin f
Af Ax sin f Ay cos f
Az Az
r x2 y 2
f tan 1 ( y / x)
zz

r x cos f y sin f
f x sin f y cos f
z z
Back Page 115