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CSC 551: Web Programming Spring 2004: Client-Side Programming With Javascript

The document discusses client-side programming using JavaScript, covering topics like data types, variables, operators, control statements, functions, and interactive features like prompts. It explains how JavaScript code can be embedded in HTML pages using <script> tags and executed by the browser to add dynamic interactivity to pages beyond what regular HTML allows. The document also compares JavaScript to other scripting languages like JScript and VBScript that can be used for client-side web programming.

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mido2266
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
76 views

CSC 551: Web Programming Spring 2004: Client-Side Programming With Javascript

The document discusses client-side programming using JavaScript, covering topics like data types, variables, operators, control statements, functions, and interactive features like prompts. It explains how JavaScript code can be embedded in HTML pages using <script> tags and executed by the browser to add dynamic interactivity to pages beyond what regular HTML allows. The document also compares JavaScript to other scripting languages like JScript and VBScript that can be used for client-side web programming.

Uploaded by

mido2266
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 26

CSC 551: Web Programming

Spring 2004

client-side programming with JavaScript


 scripts vs. programs
 JavaScript vs. JScript vs. VBScript
 common tasks for client-side scripts

 JavaScript
 data types & expressions
 control statements
 functions & libraries
 strings & arrays
 Date, document, navigator, user-defined classes
1
Client-side programming
recall: HTML is good for developing static pages
 can specify text/image layout, presentation, links, …
 Web page looks the same each time it is accessed

 in order to develop interactive/reactive pages, must integrate programming

client-side programming
 programs are written in a separate programming language
e.g., JavaScript, JScript, VBScript
 programs are embedded in the HTML of a Web page, with tags to identify the
program component
e.g., <script type="text/javascript"> … </script>
 the browser executes the program as it loads the page, integrating the dynamic
output of the program with the static content of HTML

2
Scripts vs. programs
a scripting language is a simple, interpreted programming language
 scripts are embedded as plain text, interpreted by application

 simpler execution model: don't need compiler or development environment


 saves bandwidth: source code is downloaded, not compiled executable
 platform-independence: code interpreted by any script-enabled browser
 but: slower than compiled code, not as powerful/full-featured

JavaScript: the first Web scripting language, developed by Netscape in 1995


syntactic similarities to Java/C++, but simpler & more flexible
(loose typing, dynamic variables, simple objects)

JScript: Microsoft version of JavaScript, introduced in 1996


same core language, but some browser-specific differences
fortunately, IE & Netscape can (mostly) handle both JavaScript & JScript

JavaScript 1.5 & JScript 5.0 cores conform to ECMAScript standard

VBScript: client-side scripting version of Microsoft Visual Basic


3
Common scripting tasks
adding dynamic features to Web pages
 validation of form data
 image rollovers
 time-sensitive or random page elements
 handling cookies

defining programs with Web interfaces


 utilize buttons, text boxes, clickable images, prompts, frames

limitations of client-side scripting


 since script code is embedded in the page, viewable to the world
 for security reasons, scripts are limited in what they can do
e.g., can't access the client's hard drive
 since designed to run on any machine platform, scripts do not contain platform
specific commands
 script languages are not full-featured
e.g., JavaScript objects are crude, not good for large project development 4
JavaScript
JavaScript code can be embedded in a Web page using SCRIPT tags
 the output of JavaScript code is displayed as if directly entered in HTML

<html>
<!-- Dave Reed js01.html 2/01/04 --> document.write displays text in page

<head> text to be displayed can include HTML


<title>JavaScript Page</title> tags
</head>
the tags are interpreted by the browser
<body>
when the text is displayed
<script type="text/javascript">
// silly code to demonstrate output

document.write("Hello world!"); as in C++/Java, statements end with ;


document.write("<p>How are <br />" +
"<i>you</i>?</p>");
</script> JavaScript comments similar to C++/Java
<p>Here is some static text as well. // starts a single line comment
</p>
</body>
/*…*/ enclose multi-line comments
</html>

view page in browser 5


JavaScript data types & variables
JavaScript has only three primitive data types
strings : "foo" 'howdy do' "I said 'hi'." ""
numbers : 12 3.14159 1.5E6
booleans : true false

assignments are as in C++/Java


<html>
<!-- Dave Reed js02.html 2/01/04 --> message = "howdy";
pi = 3.14159;
<head>
<title>Data Types and Variables</title>
</head> variable names are sequences of letters,
digits, and underscores: start with a letter
<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
x = 1024; variables names are case-sensitive
document.write("<p>x = " + x + "</p>");
you don't have to declare variables, will be
x = "foobar";
document.write("<p>x = " + x + "</p>"); created the first time used
</script>
</body> variables are loosely typed, can assign
</html>
different types of values
view page in browser 6
JavaScript operators & control statements
<html> standard C++/Java operators &
<!-- Dave Reed js03.html 2/01/04 -->
control statements are provided
<head>
<title>Folding Puzzle</title>
in JavaScript
</head> • +, -, *, /, %, ++, --, …
• ==, !=, <, >, <=, >=
<body>
<script type="text/javascript"> • &&, ||, !
distanceToSun = 93.3e6*5280*12; • if, if-else, while, do, …
thickness = .002;

foldCount = 0;
while (thickness < distanceToSun) { PUZZLE: Suppose you took a piece
thickness *= 2; of paper and folded it in half, then in
foldCount++;
}
half again, and so on.
document.write("Number of folds = " +
foldCount); How many folds before the thickness
</script>
</body> of the paper reaches from the earth to
</html> the sun?
view page in browser
7
JavaScript Math routines
<html> the Math object
<!-- Dave Reed js04.html 2/01/04 -->
contains functions
<head> and constants
<title>Random Dice Rolls</title>
</head>
Math.sqrt
<body> Math.pow
<div style="text-align:center"> Math.abs
<script type="text/javascript"> Math.max
roll1 = Math.floor(Math.random()*6) + 1; Math.min
roll2 = Math.floor(Math.random()*6) + 1; Math.floor
Math.ceil
document.write("<img src='http://www.creighton.edu/"+
Math.round
"~davereed/csc551/Images/die" +
roll1 + ".gif' />");
document.write("&nbsp;&nbsp;"); Math.PI
document.write("<img src='http://www.creighton.edu/"+ Math.E
"~davereed/csc551/Images/die" +
roll2 + ".gif' />"); Math.random
</script>
</div>
function returns
</body> number in [0..1)
</html>
view page in browser 8
Interactive pages using prompt crude user interaction can
take place using prompt
<html>
<!-- Dave Reed js05.html 2/01/04 -->
1st argument: the prompt
<head> message that appears in the
<title>Interactive page</title> dialog box
</head>

<body> 2nd argument: a default value


<script type="text/javascript"> that will appear in the box (in
userName = prompt("What is your name?", ""); case the user enters nothing)
userAge = prompt("Your age?", "");
userAge = parseFloat(userAge); the function returns the value
entered by the user in the
document.write("Hello " + userName + ".") dialog box (a string)
if (userAge < 18) {
document.write(" Do your parents know " +
"you are online?"); if value is a number, must use
} parseFloat to convert
</script>

<p>The rest of the page... forms will provide a better


</body>
</html> interface for interaction
view page in browser (later) 9
User-defined functions
function definitions are similar to C++/Java, except:
 no return type for the function (since variables are loosely typed)
 no types for parameters (since variables are loosely typed)
 by-value parameter passing only (parameter gets copy of argument)

function isPrime(n)
// Assumes: n > 0
// Returns: true if n is prime, else false can limit variable scope
{
if (n < 2) { if the first use of a variable is preceded
return false;
} with var, then that variable is local to
else if (n == 2) { the function
return true;
}
else {
for modularity, should make all
for (var i = 2; i <= Math.sqrt(n); i++) { variables in a function local
if (n % i == 0) {
return false;
}
}
return true;
}
} 10
Function example
<html>
<!-- Dave Reed js06.html 2/01/04 -->
function
<head>
<title>Prime Tester</title>
definitions go in
the HEAD
<script type="text/javascript">
function isPrime(n)
// Assumes: n > 0 HEAD is loaded
// Returns: true if n is prime
first, so the function
{
// CODE AS SHOWN ON PREVIOUS SLIDE is defined before
} code in the BODY is
</script> executed
</head>

<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
testNum = parseFloat(prompt("Enter a positive integer", "7"));

if (isPrime(testNum)) {
document.write(testNum + " <b>is</b> a prime number.");
}
else {
document.write(testNum + " <b>is not</b> a prime number.");
}
</script>
</body>
</html>
view page in brows
er 11
<html>
<!-- Dave Reed js07.html 2/01/04 --> Another
<head>
<title> Random Dice Rolls Revisited</title> example
<script type="text/javascript">
function RandomInt(low, high)
// Assumes: low <= high
// Returns: random integer in range [low..high]
{
return Math.floor(Math.random()*(high-low+1)) + low;
recall the dynamic dice
} page
</script>
</head>
could define a function for
<body> generating random
<div align="center">
<script type="text/javascript"> numbers in a range, then
roll1 = RandomInt(1, 6); use whenever needed
roll2 = RandomInt(1, 6);

document.write("<img src='http://www.creighton.edu/"+
easier to remember,
"~davereed/csc551/Images/die" + promotes reuse
roll1 + ".gif' />");
document.write("&nbsp;&nbsp;");
document.write("<img src='http://www.creighton.edu/"+
"~davereed/csc551/Images/die" +
roll2 + ".gif' />"); view page in br
</script> owser
</div>
</body>
12
</html>
JavaScript libraries
better still: if you define functions that may be useful to many pages, store in a
separate library file and load the library when needed

the file at http://www.creighton.edu/~davereed/csc551/JavaScript/random.js


contains definitions of the following functions:

RandomNum(low, high) returns random real in range [low..high)


RandomInt(low, high) returns random integer in range [low..high)
RandomChar(string) returns random character from the string
RandomOneOf([item1,…,itemN]) returns random item from list/array

Note: as with external style sheets, no tags in the JavaScript library file

load a library using the SRC attribute in the SCRIPT tag (nothing between the tags)

<script type="text/javascript"
src="http://www.creighton.edu/~davereed/csc551/JavaScript/random.js">
</script>
13
Library example
<html>
<!-- Dave Reed js08.html 2/01/04 -->
<head>
<title> Random Dice Rolls Revisited</title>
<script type="text/javascript"
src="http://www.creighton.edu/~davereed/csc551/JavaScript/random.js">
</script>
</head>
<body>
<div align="center">
<script type="text/javascript">
roll1 = RandomInt(1, 6);
roll2 = RandomInt(1, 6);

document.write("<img src='http://www.creighton.edu/"+
"~davereed/csc551/Images/die" +
roll1 + ".gif' />");
document.write("&nbsp;&nbsp;");
document.write("<img src='http://www.creighton.edu/"+
"~davereed/csc551/Images/die" +
roll2 + ".gif' />");
</script>
</div>
</body>
</html>
view page in browser 14
JavaScript Strings
a class defines a new type (formally, Abstract Data Type)
 encapsulates data (properties) and operations on that data (methods)

a String encapsulates a sequence of characters, enclosed in quotes


properties include
length : stores the number of characters in the string
methods include
charAt(index) : returns the character stored at the given index
(as in C++/Java, indices start at 0)
substring(start, end) : returns the part of the string between the start
(inclusive) and end (exclusive) indices
toUpperCase() : returns copy of string with letters uppercase
toLowerCase() : returns copy of string with letters lowercase

to create a string, assign using new or just make a direct assignment (new is implicit)
word = new String("foo"); word = "foo";

properties/methods are called exactly as in C++/Java


word.length word.charAt(0) 15
String example: palindromes
suppose we want to
function Strip(str)
// Assumes: str is a string test whether a word
// Returns: str with all but letters removed
{ or phrase is a
var copy = "";
for (var i = 0; i < str.length; i++) {
palindrome
if ((str.charAt(i) >= "A" && str.charAt(i) <= "Z") ||
(str.charAt(i) >= "a" && str.charAt(i) <= "z")) {
copy += str.charAt(i);
noon Radar
} Madam, I'm Adam.
} A man, a plan, a canal:
return copy; Panama!
}

function IsPalindrome(str)
// Assumes: str is a string must strip non-letters out of the
// Returns: true if str is a palindrome, else false word or phrase
{
str = Strip(str.toUpperCase());
make all chars uppercasein
for(var i = 0; i < Math.floor(str.length/2); i++) { order to be case-insensitive
if (str.charAt(i) != str.charAt(str.length-i-1)) {
return false;
} finally, traverse and compare
} chars from each end
return true;
}
16
<html>
<!-- Dave Reed js09.html 2/01/04 -->

<head>
<title>Palindrome Checker</title>

<script type="text/javascript">
function Strip(str)
{
// CODE AS SHOWN ON PREVIOUS SLIDE
}

function IsPalindrome(str)
{
// CODE AS SHOWN ON PREVIOUS SLIDE
}
</script>
</head>

<body>
<script type="text/javascript">
text = prompt("Enter a word or phrase", "Madam, I'm Adam");

if (IsPalindrome(text)) {
document.write("'" + text + "' <b>is</b> a palindrome.");
}
else {
document.write("'" + text + "' <b>is not</b> a palindrome.");
}
</script> view page in br
</body> owser
</html> 17
JavaScript arrays
arrays store a sequence of items, accessible via an index
since JavaScript is loosely typed, elements do not have to be the same type

 to create an array, allocate space using new (or can assign directly)
items = new Array(10); // allocates space for 10 items

items = new Array(); // if no size, will adjust dynamically

items = [0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0]; // can assign size & values []

 to access an array element, use [] (as in C++/Java)

for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) {


items[i] = 0; // stores 0 at each index

 the length property stores the number of items in the array

for (i = 0; i < items.length; i++) {


document.write(items[i] + "<br>"); // displays elements
} 18
<html>
<!-- Dave Reed js10.html 2/01/04 -->
Array
<head>
<title>Die Statistics</title> example
<script type="text/javascript"
src="http://www.creighton.edu/~davereed/csc551/JavaScript/random.js">
</script>
</head>

<body>
<script type="text/javascript"> suppose we want to
numRolls = 60000;
dieSides = 6; simulate die rolls and
verify even distribution
rolls = new Array(dieSides+1);
for (i = 1; i < rolls.length; i++) {
rolls[i] = 0; keep an array of counters:
}
initialize each count to 0
for(i = 1; i <= numRolls; i++) {
rolls[RandomInt(1, dieSides)]++; each time you roll X,
}
increment rolls[X]
for (i = 1; i < rolls.length; i++) {
document.write("Number of " + i + "'s = " + display each counter
rolls[i] + "<br />");
}
</script>
</body> view page in browser
</html> 19
Date class
String & Array are the most commonly used classes in JavaScript
 other, special purpose classes & objects also exist

the Date class can be used to access the date and time
 to create a Date object, use new & supply year/month/day/… as desired

today = new Date(); // sets to current date & time

newYear = new Date(2002,0,1); //sets to Jan 1, 2002 12:00AM

 methods include:

newYear.getYear() can access individual components of a date


newYear.getMonth()
newYear.getDay()
newYear.getHours()
newYear.getMinutes()
newYear.getSeconds()
newYear.getMilliseconds()
20
<html>
<!-- Dave Reed js11.html 2/01/04 --> Date example
<head>
<title>Time page</title>
</head>
by default, a date will be displayed in
<body> full, e.g.,
Time when page was loaded:
<script type="text/javascript"> Sun Feb 03 22:55:20 GMT-0600
now = new Date(); (Central Standard Time) 2002

document.write("<p>" + now + "</p>");

time = "AM"; can pull out portions of the date using


hours = now.getHours();
if (hours > 12) {
the methods and display as desired
hours -= 12;
time = "PM" here, determine if "AM" or "PM" and
} adjust so hour between 1-12
else if (hours == 0) {
hours = 12; 10:55:20 PM
}
document.write("<p>" + hours + ":" +
now.getMinutes() + ":" +
now.getSeconds() + " " +
time + "</p>");
</script>
</body>
</html>
view page in browser
21
<html>
<!-- Dave Reed js12.html 2/01/04 -->
Another example
<head>
<title>Time page</title>
</head>
you can add and subtract Dates:
<body> the result is a number of
This year: milliseconds
<script type="text/javascript">
now = new Date();
newYear = new Date(2004,0,1); here, determine the number of
seconds since New Year's day
secs = Math.round((now-newYear)/1000);

days = Math.floor(secs / 86400); divide into number of days, hours,


secs -= days*86400; minutes and seconds
hours = Math.floor(secs / 3600);
secs -= hours*3600;
minutes = Math.floor(secs / 60);
secs -= minutes*60
possible improvements?
document.write(days + " days, " +
hours + " hours, " +
minutes + " minutes, and " +
secs + " seconds.");
</script>
</body>
</html> view page in browser
22
document object
Both IE and Netscape allow you to access information about an HTML
document using the document object (Note: not a class!)
<html>
<!-- Dave Reed js13.html 2/01/04 --> document.write(…)
<head> method that displays text in
<title>Documentation page</title> the page
</head>

<body>
<table width="100%"> document.URL
<tr> property that gives the
<td><small><i> location of the HTML
<script type="text/javascript"> document
document.write(document.URL);
</script>
</i></small></td>
<td align="right"><small><I> document.lastModified
<script type="text/javascript"> property that gives the date &
document.write(document.lastModified); time the HTML document was
</script> saved
</i></small></td>
</tr>
</table>
</body> view page in browser
</html> 23
navigator object
navigator.appName <html>
<!-- Dave Reed js14.html 2/01/04 -->
property that gives the browser
name <head>
<title>Dynamic Style Page</title>
navigator.appVersion
<script type="text/javascript">
property that gives the browser if (navigator.appName == "Netscape") {
version document.write('<link rel=stylesheet '+
'type="text/css" href="Netscape.css">');
}
<!-- MSIE.css --> else {
document.write('<link rel=stylesheet ' +
a {text-decoration:none; 'type="text/css" href="MSIE.css">');
font-size:larger; }
color:red; </script>
font-family:Arial} </head>
a:hover {color:blue}
<body>
<!-- Netscape.css --> Here is some text with a
<a href="javascript:alert('GO AWAY')">link</a>.
a {font-family:Arial; </body>
color:white; </html>
background-color:red}
view page in browser
24
User-defined classes
can define new classes, but the notation is awkward
 simply define a function that serves as a constructor
 specify data fields & methods using this

 no data hiding: can't protect data or methods

// Dave Reed Die.js 2/01/04


// define Die function (i.e.,
// Die class definition
//////////////////////////////////////////// constructor)

function Die(sides) initialize data fields in the


{
function, preceded with this
this.numSides = sides;
this.numRolls = 0;
this.Roll = Roll; similarly, assign method to
} separately defined function
function Roll() (which uses this to access
{ data)
this.numRolls++;
return Math.floor(Math.random()*this.numSides) + 1;
}
25
<html>
<!-- Dave Reed js15.html 2/01/04 -->
Class example
<head>
<title>Dice page</title>

<script type="text/javascript" create a Die object using new


src="Die.js"> (similar to String and Array)
</script>
</head>
here, the argument to Die
<body> initializes numSides for that
<script type="text/javascript"> particular object
die6 = new Die(6);
die8 = new Die(8);
each Die object has its own
roll6 = -1; // dummy value to start loop properties (numSides &
roll8 = -2; // dummy value to start loop numRolls)
while (roll6 != roll8) {
roll6 = die6.Roll();
roll8 = die8.Roll(); Roll(), when called on a
particular Die, accesses its
document.write("6-sided: " + roll6 + numSides property and
"&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;" +
"8-sided: " + roll8 + "<br />"); updates its NumRolls
}

document.write("<br />Number of rolls: " +


die6.numRolls);
</script>
</body>
view page in browser
26
</html>

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