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Object Oriented Programming: Elhanan Borenstein Borens@tau - Ac.il

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47 views

Object Oriented Programming: Elhanan Borenstein Borens@tau - Ac.il

oops concept

Uploaded by

bhatt navtej
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Object Oriented

Programming
Elhanan Borenstein
[email protected]

copyrights Elhanan Borenstein


Agenda
Administration
Course Overview
Introduction to OOP and C++

Function Overloading & Default Parameters


Arguments By Reference
cin / cout
Inline Functions
Memory Allocation
Additional Improvements
copyrights Elhanan Borenstein
Administration
Course Page
Web: http://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~borens/teaching/oop-03b/
Updates & Notes
Presentation & Example from class
E-Mail: [email protected]
Subject: OOP Course
E-mail in pure English only

Books
Object Oriented Programming and C++ / Amir Kirsh
The C++ Programming Lnaguage / Bjarne Stroustrup
Effective C++, More Effective C++ / Scott Meyeres

copyrights Elhanan Borenstein


Course Overview
OOP vs. C++ (can write any C++ app in c)
Knowledge of C is required!!!

Syllabus (partial !!!)


Introduction to OOP
C++
Overloading functions & operators
Classes & Objects
Inheritance & Polymorphism

Templates & STL
Introduction to OOD
copyrights Elhanan Borenstein
Introduction to OOP and C++
Why OOP?
Software Crisis in procedural programming:
Too many modules
Too many functions An expensive mess!!!
Too many variables
Better organization of the code
Smaller code
Reuse of code
Easier design, analysis and implementation
User vs. Programmer

copyrights Elhanan Borenstein


Introduction to OOP and C++
The Solution - Classes
The natural solution: focus on data!!! (instead of
focusing on operations -functions)
Define the data entities we want to use
Each entity is implemented as a class and defines:
The data we want to store.
The operations that could be applied to this data.
Example:
Teachers Management Application

Classes, instances and application


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Introduction to OOP and C++
C++
An Object-Oriented extension of C.
Any C program is also valid in C++.
Remains of non-OOP characteristics (global variables and functions,
main functions).
Still using pointers !!!!
A few notes on Java
C++ main elements:
Encapsulation
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Template (example: swap) (C++ only)
Exceptions (C++ only)
copyrights Elhanan Borenstein
Before Classes

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Function Overloading
Motivation and Usage
We would like to avoid writing / knowing / using a huge
number of functions which in effect, do the same action.
It is possible to define numerous functions with the
same name, as long as the compiler can detect (while
calling the function, according to its arguments), which
function should be used.

void printNice(int i);


void printNice(int i, char ch);
void printNice(int i, char* str);
void printNice(float f);

copyrights Elhanan Borenstein


Function Overloading
The Ambiguity Problem
When the compiler cannot positively determine which function should be used, it will announce an ambiguity error.

Ambiguity problem whos fault is it?


Can we solve an ambiguity problem according to the return value? Why?

void printNice(double d);


void printNice(float f);

copyrights Elhanan Borenstein


Default Parameters
Usage
It is possible to define default values for the last arguments of a function.
These arguments can then be dropped when calling the functions.

void printReallyNice(char*
It is still str,value
possible to give a different int fontSize = 10,
when calling thechar color
function (all = 0);
previous arguments must be specified too).
Arguments order
Default values are defined in the function prototype !!! (use a comment
notation in the implementation)
Beware Ambiguity!!!!

copyrights Elhanan Borenstein


By Reference (ByRef) Arguments
Argument in C
In C, arguments are passed by Value. Changing the value of the arguments in
the function, does not change the value of the original variables.
If we wish to change the value of the original arguments, we can use pointers.

Argument in C++
In C++, arguments are still passed by Value, but
A function can ask to get an argument by reference (ByRef).
By reference arguments are in fact implemented with pointers, but hiding
them from the user a safer method!!!

copyrights Elhanan Borenstein


By Reference (ByRef) Return Values
A function can return a value by reference. It will in effect return a location in memory.
A by reference return value must be alive after the function terminates (global, input variables, ).
Can be used as LValue

Example: Find()

copyrights Elhanan Borenstein


Input & Output (cin, cout)
I/O in C
When using printf (or scanf), the programmer must
define the type of each argument.
We could write a different function for each type
I/O in C++
We can use the I/O objects cin and cout (defined in <iostream.h>)
We will use the operators << and >>
Thanks to function overloading, there is no need to define the type of the
arguments.

copyrights Elhanan Borenstein


Input & Output (cin, cout)
Example 1 (output)
#include <iostream.h>

void main( )
{
int i = 23;
char *str = hello;
cout<<str;
cout<<i<<endl;

cout<<the value of i is <<i<<endl;


cout<<(char)65;
}
copyrights Elhanan Borenstein
Input & Output (cin, cout)
Example 2 (input)
#include <iostream.h>

void main( )
{
int age;
char str[100];

cout<<Please enter your name;


cin>>str;
cout<<Please enter your age;
cin>>age;
}
copyrights Elhanan Borenstein
Inline Functions
Motivation
Each function call requires allocating memory on the stack.
Overhead may outweighs the benefits (especially in small functions that will be called many times.
Macros have other problems:
No type checking on the arguments
Readability

The solution
Inline functions. The functions are embedded within
the call.
The compiler is not bound by the inline declaration.
copyrights Elhanan Borenstein
Memory Allocation
Allocation
Memory allocation is implemented with the command new.
No casting is required (unlike C).
For arrays allocation we will use new[n].

Freeing
To free allocated memory, we will use the command
delete.
For arrays, we will use delete[].

copyrights Elhanan Borenstein


Additional Improvements
Comments
C++ still supports the conventional notation of comments from C:

/* this is a comment */

In addition, we can use a single comment line starting with //

// initialization
int index; // this is also a comment

copyrights Elhanan Borenstein


Additional Improvements
Variable Definition
Variables can be defined at any point in the code.
Should be used wisely!!!!

Structs and enums Definition


When defining a struct or enum variable, no need to declare it
is a struct / enum.
(A reminder: in C we usually used typedef to solve this
problem)

copyrights Elhanan Borenstein


Questions?

copyrights Elhanan Borenstein

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