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    BS Water Treatment Presentation 1 1

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    The document discusses the importance of water treatment for domestic water supplies and in haemodialysis centres. It outlines the process of reverse osmosis used in water treatment, including pre-filtration, post-filtration, and disposal. Key considerations in the design of a water treatment system are discussed. Potential problems like bacteria growth, improper system design, and high treated water wastage are identified along with suggestions to address them. Monitoring of water quality and procedures for when test results exceed standards are also covered.

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    BS Water Treatment Presentation 1 1

    Uploaded by

    wan yee
    58 views44 pages
    The document discusses the importance of water treatment for domestic water supplies and in haemodialysis centres. It outlines the process of reverse osmosis used in water treatment, including pre-filtration, post-filtration, and disposal. Key considerations in the design of a water treatment system are discussed. Potential problems like bacteria growth, improper system design, and high treated water wastage are identified along with suggestions to address them. Monitoring of water quality and procedures for when test results exceed standards are also covered.

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    Water treatment

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    The document discusses the importance of water treatment for domestic water supplies and in haemodialysis centres. It outlines the process of reverse osmosis used in water treatment, including pre-filtration, post-filtration, and disposal. Key considerations in the design of a water treatment system are discussed. Potential problems like bacteria growth, improper system design, and high treated water wastage are identified along with suggestions to address them. Monitoring of water quality and procedures for when test results exceed standards are also covered.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    58 views44 pages

    BS Water Treatment Presentation 1 1

    Uploaded by

    wan yee
    The document discusses the importance of water treatment for domestic water supplies and in haemodialysis centres. It outlines the process of reverse osmosis used in water treatment, including pre-filtration, post-filtration, and disposal. Key considerations in the design of a water treatment system are discussed. Potential problems like bacteria growth, improper system design, and high treated water wastage are identified along with suggestions to address them. Monitoring of water quality and procedures for when test results exceed standards are also covered.

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    of 44

    BACHELOR OF QUANTITY SURVEYING (HONS)

    BLD 60403 BUILDING SERVICES 1

    WATER TREATMENT FOR DOMESTIC


    WATER SUPPLIES

    LECTURER :
    MR. LEONG BOON TIK
    INTRODUCTION
    Water UNIVERSAL SOLVENT

    Water treatment is crucially vital for the consumption and for any
    relevant usage.
    of water treatment
    Uses of Water
    IMPORTANCE OF WATER
    TREATMENT
    IMPORTANCE OF WATER TREATMENT

    Unfiltered water contains


    - chlorine
    human body is composed - fluoride
    of 70% water - dioxins
    - parasites, etc.
    those could be hazardous to your
    health.
    Water treatment in HAEMODIALYSIS CENTRE
    STANDARD/GUIDELINE
    Association for the Advancement of
    Medical Instrumentation (AAMI)
    The Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) is a
    unique alliance of professionals and organizations dedicated to the understanding
    and beneficial use of medical device technology founded in 1965.

    AAMI Members

    health care research and government manufacturers test houses


    institutions teaching facilities agencies
    CASE STUDY
    STATION 2,
    HAEMODIALYSIS CENTRE

    STATION 2,
    HAEMODIALYSIS CENTRE
    IMPORTANCE OF WATER
    TREATMENT IN
    HAEMODIALYSIS CENTRE
    Why water treatment is important in haemodialysis centre?

    Ensuring a safe and effective manner of water delivery to haemodialysis


    patients

    -Average person (10-14 litres )


    -Average dialysis patient (300 litres)
    If they are exposed to such untreated water that carries contaminants which is
    now directly exposed to their blood, severe complication could occur.
    REVERSE OSMOSIS (R.O) IN
    DIALYSIS
    Reverse Osmosis in Dialysis

    Uses a pump to push water through semipermeable membrane or filter


    Some common uses include:
    -drinking water
    -laboratory applications
    -water used in chemical processes
    -houseplants
    -greenhouses
    -haemodialysis.
    Reverse Osmosis in Dialysis
    RO machine produces two types of water
    -product water
    -reject water.
    RO is the most trusted water purification technology because the
    devices remove dissolved inorganic solutes as well as bacteria and
    endotoxins.
    Safest
    most economical method
    most reliable water purifier system
    DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
    Design Consideration

    Choice of equipment Drainage required


    for power and water
    efficiency
    Design Consideration

    Clearly labelled Water quality monitoring


    system
    Design Consideration

    Shall be located in an area


    where noise and disruption
    is minimized.
    THE PROCESS
    How does the whole treatment
    works?
    PRE FILTRATION

    Backflow
    preventer

    Pre filter Post filter


    raw water tank raw water tank
    Temperature
    Rocket filter
    blending valve
    X2
    POST FILTRATION
    DISPOSAL
    MONITORING WATER
    QUALITY
    Chemical Contaminants
    Monitoring Feed Water
    Analyzed at least four times a year
    Sample can be taken from the water before it enters any part of the water treatment system.
    ( Sink near the water treatment room)
    Samples are sent to qualified lab to analyse them

    Monitoring Product Water


    Quality testing needed to de done at least quarterly .
    Samples should drawn from sample port immediately after the RO system.
    Samples are sent to a qualified lab to ensure that no contaminants levels that exceed AAMI
    standards.
    Water quality degrades- have an alarm in the treatment room to alert dialysis centre.
    A trend analysis should be done if any contaminants results exceed AAMI standards.
    Microbiological contamination
    Monitoring bacteria levels in water
    Level shall not exceed AAMI standard (100 CFU/ml) with an
    action level of 50 CFU/ml.
    Samples is taken where all haemodialysis equipment connects to
    distribution piping system.
    Assay of sample:
    within 30 minutes of collection or
    Immediately stored at temperature between 1-5
    and assayed within 24 hours of collection
    Microbiological contamination
    Monitoring endotoxin levels in water
    Level must not exceed AAMI standards (0.25 EU/ml) with an action level of 0.12 EU/ml.
    Measured 6 monthly
    Sampling at the point of delivery to haemodialysis equipment
    Tested using Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) test.
    What happen if test results exceed the action level?
    Procedures to isolate the potential problem :

    Level of bacteria exiting the RO machine

    Product water distribution system disinfection


    procedures

    Examination of the distribution piping system for dead spots


    that may contribute to bacterial contamination including
    possible contamination of bacteria filters if they are installed in
    the distribution system
    Correction action :

    Need to make sure that


    Disinfection of the
    Cleaning and disinfection the water hose on the
    of RO membrane
    product water
    machine is being
    distribution system
    disinfected.

    Installation of an
    endotoxin filter system Increasing the frequency
    in the RO water of disinfection of
    distribution system existing bacteria filters
    ADVANTGES OF
    REVERSE OSMOSIS (R.O)
    Advantages of Reverse Osmosis
    exhaust and dump its retained
    Water is demineralized ions
    Eco-friendly
    Expandable and space saving
    R.O able to remove bacteria and pyrogen ; Deionization filter (DI)
    coupled with ultrafiltration (UF) machine unable to remove low
    molecular weight bacterial by-products. (microcystins)

    Two tanks : one as workers; one


    as backup
    DISADVANTAGES OF
    REVERSE OSMOSIS (R.O)
    Disadvantages of R.O
    Extensive life cycle cost of dialysis water treatment

    Acquisition Costs
    -The price of water treatment unit may vary from
    depending on specific requirements and design

    Operation Costs
    -Expenses in the supply of water and electricity
    -Recurrent costs include the purchase of
    consumables goods

    Service /Maintenance Costs


    -Inspection of reprocessing machine on regular
    basis
    -Repairing for defection in particular systems to
    preserve the efficiency of the system
    -Expenditures for quality control measures
    POSSIBLE PROBLEMS &
    SUGGESTIONS
    Possible Problems & Suggestions
    Problem #1: Bacteria growth
    Research found that stagnant water, especially those stored in water storage tank which contains large
    amount of water that no longer have chlorine or chloramine is one of the source of bacteria and
    endotoxin in the product water.

    Suggestion #1: Storage tank with specific design consideration


    Storage tanks shall be:
    Conical or bowl-shaped bottom for complete emptying
    Having light fitting lid that is vented to air
    Designed for easy frequent disinfection and rinse with an internal spray mechanism
    Using inert materials that do not leach contaminants into the purified water
    Having UV bulbs to kill microorganism
    Problem #2: Improper design of RO system
    For a given system, the higher the percentage of recovery or the lower the percentage of rejection, the
    poorer the quality of product water becomes

    Suggestion #2: AAMI chemical analysis


    An AAMI chemical analysis shall be performed at least once a year to validate the removal of
    contaminants by the water treatment system

    All gauges and flow meters should be within manufacturers specifications and the readings should be
    recorded daily

    Water quality (conductivity or total dissolved solids) should be within normal limits for the area, and
    checked against an independent device routinely and recorded at least daily
    Problem #3: High wastage of treated water
    When treated water does not meet the required standard, it would be regarded as reject water. If the
    reject stream is not recycled or not returned to the RO system, high wastage will be created. In the
    centre, these reject water are discard off.

    Suggestion #3: Such water can be stored or recycled


    Reject water can be reused in gardens, lawns and landscaping, for toilet flushes as well as other
    cleaning purpose works or it can be recycled back through a closed loop system.
    CONCLUSION
    HEALTH IS WEALTH & WATER
    TREATMENT HALLMARKS IT!
    THANKS!

    1. DAPHNE TAN LI WEN 0329055

    2. KAREN LIM SHI CHEE 0329431

    3. LAU WAN YEE 0328947

    4. LIM XIAO SHI 0324410

    5. LOH WEI TING 0328314

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