4 4bluetooth

Wireless Lans
802.11 architecture and protocol stack

802.11 physical layer
802.11 MAC sublayer protocol
802.11 frame structure
Services
802.11 Architecture and Protocol Stack (1)
To Network
Access
Point
Client
802.11 architecture infrastructure mode

802.11 architecture ad-hoc mode

Part of the 802.11 protocol stack.

Details Of Ieee802.11 Various Standards ie. Three different highspeed wireless
LANs
The IEEE802.11 has released multiple set of standards for various operating
frequency, and ranges specification.
The first release of IEEE802.11 1997 and clarified 1999.
A. IEEE802.11a
The IEEE802.11a standard was released on September 1999.
operate at radio frequency of 5GHz or 3.7GHz and a bandwidth of 20MHz.
The specification uses a modulation scheme known as orthogonal frequency-
division multiplexing (OFDM)
In 802.11a, data speeds as high as 54 Mbps are possible.
This standard employ the single input, single output (SISO) antenna technologies,
and the indoor/outdoor ranges from 35m to 125m for 5GHz operating frequency.
The outdoor range goes to 5Km for operating frequency of 3.7G. The IEEE802.11a
is less prone to interference compared to with 802.11b due to the high operating
frequency of 5GHz.
B. IEEE 802.11b
IEEE 802.11b standard was released on September 1999.
This standard provides 11 Mbps transmission (with a fallback to 5.5, 2 and 1 Mbps) in
the 2.4 GHz operating frequency and bandwidth of 22MHz.
The 802.11b uses only DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) modulation technique.
This standard also employs the SISO antenna technology as in the IEEE802.11a standard.
The IEEE802.11b standard is prone to higher interference due to the fact that the 2.4GHz
frequency range is becoming crowded with carriers, hence increased interference risk.
The indoor and outdoor ranges for this standard is 35m to 140m.
C. IEEE 802.11g
The standard 802.11g was ratified in 2003 as an IEEE standard for Wi-Fi wireless
networking
it supports maximum network bandwidth of 54 Mbps.
This standard operates at 2.4GHz frequency and bandwidth of 20MHz.
This standard uses the OFDM or DSSS modulation schemes. This standard employ the
SISO antenna technologies, and its indoor/outdoor range are from 38m to 140m
respectively.
The 802.11 MAC Sublayer Protocol (1)
Sending a frame with CSMA/CA.

The hidden terminal problem.

The exposed terminal problem.

The use of virtual channel sensing using CSMA/CA.

Interframe spacing in 802.11

SIFS stands for shortest Interframe spacing.
SIFS is generally the time for which receiver wait before sending the
CTS (Clear To Send) & acknowledgement package to sender, and
sender waits after receiving CTS and before sending data to receiver.
Its main purpose is to avoid any type of collision.
PIFS enabled access point wait for PIFS duration rather than DIFS to
occupy the wireless medium.
PIFS duration is less than DIFS and greater than SIFS (DIFS > PIFS >
SIFS). Hence AP always has more priority to access the medium.
DIFS is acronym for DCF Interframe spacing.
It is the time delay for which sender wait after completing its backoff,
before sending RTS package.
EIFS type is not having fixed interval value.
It is used only when there is erroneous frame transmission.
802.11 Frame Structure
Format of the 802.11 data frame

Bluetooth( IEEE 802.15)
Architecture
Applications
Protocol stack
Radio layer
Link layers
Frame structure
What is Bluetooth?
Uses the radio range of 2.45 GHz
Theoretical maximum bandwidth is 1 Mb/s
Several Bluetooth devices can form an ad hoc network called a
piconet
In a piconet one device acts as a master (sets frequency hopping behavior) and
the others as slaves
Example: A conference room with many laptops wishing to communicate with
each other
Overview
Cable replacement technology.
Connect devices such as phone handsets, headsets, computer peripherals,
etc.
Industry standard.
Allows wireless communication between devices.
17
Bluetooth Architecture
Two piconets can be connected to form a scatternet

Bluetooth Protocol Stack
Bluetooth Radio : specifics details of the air interface, including frequency,
frequency hopping, modulation scheme, and transmission power.
Baseband: concerned with connection establishment within a piconet, addressing,

packet format, timing and power control.
Link manager protocol (LMP): establishes the link setup between Bluetooth
devices and manages ongoing links, including security aspects (e.g. authentication
and encryption), and control and negotiation of baseband packet size
Logical link control and adaptation protocol (L2CAP): adapts upper layer
protocols to the baseband layer. Provides both connectionless and connection-
oriented services.
Service discovery protocol (SDP): handles device information, services, and

queries for service characteristics between two or more Bluetooth devices.
Host Controller Interface (HCI): provides an interface method for accessing the
Bluetooth hardware capabilities. It contains a command interface, which acts
between the Baseband controller and link manager
TCS BIN (Telephony Control Service): bit-oriented protocol that
defines the call control signaling for the establishment of voice and
data calls between Bluetooth devices.
OBEX(OBject EXchange) : Session-layer protocol for the exchange

of objects, providing a model for object and operation representation
RFCOMM: a reliable transport protocol, which provides emulation

of RS232 serial ports over the L2CAP protocol
WAE/WAP: Bluetooth incorporates the wireless application

environment and the wireless application protocol into its
architecture.
Physical links
Synchronous Connection Oriented (SCO)
Support symmetrical, circuit-switched, point-to-point connections
Typically used for voice traffic.
Data rate is 64 kbit/s.
Asynchronous Connection-Less (ACL)
Support symmetrical and asymmetrical, packet-switched, point-to-multipoint
connections.
Typically used for data transmission .
Up to 433.9 kbit/s in symmetric or 723.2/57.6 kbit/s in asymmetric
Bluetooth Frame Structure
Typical Bluetooth data frame at (a) basic, and

(b) enhanced, data rates.
1. Access Code: It is 72 bit field that contains synchronization bits. It identifies the
master.
2. Header: This is 54-bit field. It contain 18 bit pattern that is repeated for 3 time.
The header field contains following subfields:
(i) Address: This 3 bit field can define upto seven slaves (1 to 7). If the address
is zero, it is used for broadcast communication from primary to all secondaries.
(ii)Type: This 4 bit field identifies the type of data coming from upper layers.
(iii) F: This flow bit is used for flow control. When set to 1, it means the device
is unable to receive more frames.
(iv) A: This bit is used for acknowledgement.
(v) S: This bit contains a sequence number of the frame to detect
retransmission. As stop and wait protocol is used, one bit is sufficient.
(vi) Checksum: This 8 bit field contains checksum to detect errors in header.
3. Data: This field can be 0 to 2744 bits long. It contains data or control information
coming from upper layers

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Wireless Lans

802.11 architecture and protocol stack

802.11 architecture infrastructure mode

802.11 architecture ad-hoc mode

Part of the 802.11 protocol stack.

Sending a frame with CSMA/CA.

The hidden terminal problem.

The exposed terminal problem.

The use of virtual channel sensing using CSMA/CA.

Interframe spacing in 802.11

Format of the 802.11 data frame

Two piconets can be connected to form a scatternet

Baseband: concerned with connection establishment within a piconet, addressing,

Service discovery protocol (SDP): handles device information, services, and

OBEX(OBject EXchange) : Session-layer protocol for the exchange

RFCOMM: a reliable transport protocol, which provides emulation

WAE/WAP: Bluetooth incorporates the wireless application

Typical Bluetooth data frame at (a) basic, and

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