Is Sustainable Energy Development

Possible?

(Its Not Easy Being Green)

Professor Thomas R. Marrero Orns

University of Missouri-Columbia
Allen, D.T. and Shonnard, D.R., 2002, Green Engineering:
Environmentally Conscious Design of Chemical Processes,
Prentice-Hall, p. 65

Figure 1
The Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) states:
1. Pollution should be prevented or reduced at the
source whenever feasible

2. Pollution that cannot be prevented or reduced

should be recycled

3. Pollution that cannot be prevented or reduced or

recycled should be treated, and

4. Disposal or other releases into the environment

should be employed only as a last resort.
Principles of Green Chemistry

Anastas, Paul T.; Warner, John C.

Green Chemistry Theory and Practice;
Oxford University Press: New York, 1998
Definition of Green Chemistry
The design of chemical products and
processes that are more environmentally
benign and reduce negative impacts to
human health and the environment.
 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
1. It is better to prevent waste than to treat or
clean up waste after it is formed.

2. Synthetic methods should be designed to

maximize the incorporation of all materials
used in the process into the final product.
 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
3. Wherever practicable, synthetic
methodologies should be designed to use
and generate substances that possess little or
no toxicity to human health and the
environment.

4. Chemical products should be designed to

preserve efficacy of function while reducing
toxicity.
 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
5. The use of auxiliary substances (solvents,
separation agents, etc.) should be made
unnecessary whenever possible and, when
used, innocuous.

6. Energy requirements should be recognized for

their environmental and economic impacts and
should be minimized. Synthetic methods should
be conducted at ambient temperature and
pressure.
 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
7. A raw material or feedstock should be
renewable rather than depleting whenever
technically and economically practical.

8. Unnecessary derivatization (blocking group,

protection/deprotection, temporary
modification of physical/chemical processes)
should be avoided whenever possible.
 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
9. Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible)
are superior to stoichiometric reagents.

10. Chemical products would be designed so

that at the end of their function they do not
persist in the environment and instead
break down into innocuous degradation
products.
 12 Principles of Green Chemistry
11. Analytical methodologies need to be further
developed to allow for real-time in-process
monitoring and control prior to the formation
of hazardous substances.

12. Substances and the form of a substance used

in a chemical process should be chosen so as to
minimize the potential for chemical accidents,
including releases, explosions, and fires.
 12 Additional Principles for
Green Chemistry.

Gonzales, M.A., and R. L. Smith, 2003

Environ. Prog. 22, 269
 12 Additional Principles for Green
Chemistry.
1. Identify byproducts; quantify if possible

2. Report conversions, selectivities, and

productivities

3. Establish a full mass balance for the process

4. Quantify catalyst and solvent losses

 12 Additional Principles for Green
Chemistry.
5. Investigate basic thermochemistry to identify
exotherms (safety)

6. Anticipate other potential mass and energy

transfer limitations

7. Consult a chemical or process engineer

 12 Additional Principles for Green
Chemistry.
8. Consider the effect of the overall process on
choice of chemistry

9. Help develop and apply sustainable

measures

10. Quantify and minimize use of utilities and

other inputs
 12 Additional Principles for Green
Chemistry.
11. Recognize where operator safety and waste
minimization may be compatible

12. Monitor, report and minimize wastes

emitted to air, water, and solids from
experiments or processes
Definition of Green Engineering
Abraham, M., 2004, Environ. Prog. 23 (4), p. 266.
The design, commercialization, and use of
processes and products, which are feasible
and economical while minimizing (1)
generation of pollution at the source and (2)
risk to human health and the environment.
 12 Principles of Green Engineering
Anastas, P. and J.B. Zimmerman, Environ. Sci. Techol., vol 37 (5), p. 95A.

1. Designers need to strive to ensure that all

material and energy inputs and outputs are
as inherently nonhazardous as possible.

2. It is better to prevent waste than to treat or

clean up waste after it is formed.
 12 Principles of Green Engineering
3. Separation and purification operations
should be designed to minimize energy
consumption and materials use.

4. Products, processes, and systems should be

designed to maximize mass, energy, space,
and time efficiency.
 12 Principles of Green Engineering
5. Products, processes, and systems should be
output pulled rather than input pushed
through the use of energy and materials.

6. Embedded entropy and complexity must be

viewed as an investment when making
design choices on recycle, reuse, or beneficial
disposition.
 12 Principles of Green Engineering
7. Targeted durability, not immortality, should
be a design goal.

8. Design for unnecessary capacity or capability

(e.g., one size fits all) solutions should be
considered a design flaw.
 12 Principles of Green Engineering
9. Material diversity in multicomponent
products should be minimized to promote
disassembly and value retention.

10. Design of products, processes, and systems

must include integration and
interconnectivity with available energy and
materials flows.
 12 Principles of Green Engineering
11. Products, processes, and systems should be
designed for performance in a commercial
afterlife.

12. Material and energy inputs should be

renewable rather than depleting.
 Sandestin Declaration of Green
Engineering Principles
To fully implement Green Engineering solutions,
engineers use the following principles:

1. Engineer processes and products holistically,

use systems analysis, and integrate
environmental impact assessment tools

2. Conserve and improve natural ecosystems while

protecting human health and well-being
 Sandestin Declaration of Green
Engineering Principles
3. Use life cycle thinking in all engineering
activities

4. Ensure that all material and energy inputs

and outputs are as inherently safe and
benign as possible

5. Minimize depletion of natural resources

 Sandestin Declaration of Green
Engineering Principles

6. Strive to prevent waste

7. Develop and apply engineering solutions,

being cognizant of local geography,
aspirations and cultures
 Sandestin Declaration of Green
Engineering Principles
8. Create engineering solutions beyond current or
dominant technologies; improve, innovate, and
invent (technologies) to achieve sustainability

9. Actively engage communities and stakeholders

in the development of engineering solutions

There is a duty to inform society of the practice of Green

Engineering

Gonzalez, M.A., and R. L. Smith, 2003, Environ. Prog. 22, 269

 Definition of Sustainability
Brundtland Commission, 1987, United Nations

Providing for human needs without

compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their needs.
Figure 2. Relationship between green chemistry,
green engineering, and sustainability.

Sustainability

Green Engineering

Green Chemistry

Abraham, M. 2003, Environ. Progress 23, 261.

Sustainability Engineering Principles
Beloff, B. et al. Eds. 2005, Transforming Sustainability
Strategy into Action: The Chemical Industry,
Wiley-Interscience, p. 189

1. Engineer processes and products holistically,

use systems analysis, and integrate
environmental impact assessment tools

2. Conserve and improve natural ecosystems

while protecting human health and well-being

3. Use lifecycle thinking in all engineering activies

 Sustainability Engineering Principles
4. Ensure that all material and energy inputs and
outputs are as inherently safe and benign as possible

5. Minimize depletion of natural resources.

6. Strive to prevent waste.

7. Develop and apply engineering solutions, while being

cognizant of local geography, aspirations, and
cultures.
 Sustainability Engineering Principles
8. Create engineering solutions beyond current or
dominant technologies; improve, innovate and
invent (technologies) to achieve sustainability

9. Actively engage communities and stakeholders

in development of engineering solutions

There is a duty to inform society of the practice

of sustainable engineering.
Figure 3. Impact indicators used in life-cycle
assessment screening of fuel additives.
Curran, Mary Ann 2003, Environ. Progress 22, 277.

Air Emissions (lb)

Metals in Air (lb)
Water Effluents (lb)
Metals in Water (lb)
Solid Waste lb)
Fossil Fuel Use (Btu)
Non-Fossil Fuel Use (lb)
Water Use (gal)
Land Use (acres)
Transportation (miles)
Agrochemical Use (lb)
CO2 Uptake (lb)
Figure 4. Some of the values and benefits
derived from corporate sustainable
development programs.
License to operate
Risk reduction
Improved productivity/efficiency
Reduction of costs related to manufacturing and commercial sites
Stimulus for innovation/new products and services
Increased market share
New alliances
Community goodwill
Enhanced reputation
Enhanced access to capital/markets
Increased shareholder value

Beloff, B., Tanzil, D., and M. Lines, 2004, Environ. Prog. 23, 271.
 Case Studies
World Sustainability
Fossil Fuel Resources
Acetylene (Carbide Based)
 World Sustainability at 2030
Figure 5

Meadows, D. et al. 2004, Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update, Chelsea Green
Publishing, Chapter 8
World 3-03 Scenario Variables & Scales

Meadows, D. et al. 2004, Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update,

Appendix 1, pp. 285-288

State of the World

Variable Low Value High Value
Population 0 12 X 109
Total Food Production 0 6 X 1012
Total Industrial Production 0 4 X 1012
Index of Persistent Pollution 0 40
Nonrenewable Resources 0 2 X 1012
World 3-03 Scenario Variables & Scales

Meadows, D. et al. 2004, Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update,

Appendix 1, pp. 285-288

Material Standard of Living

Variable Low Value High Value
Food Per Capita 0 1,000
Consumer Goods Per Capita 0 250
Services Per Capita 0 1,000
Life Expectancy 0 90
World 3-03 Scenario Variables & Scales

Meadows, D. et al. 2004, Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update,

Appendix 1, pp. 285-288

Human Welfare and

Ecological Footprint
Variable Low Value High Value
Human Welfare Indicator 0 1
Human Ecological Footprint 0 4
 Indicators of Human Welfare and
Ecological Footprint
Human Welfare is quality of life of the
average global citizen in its broadest
sense, including both material and
immaterial components.

Meadows, D. et al. 2004, Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update, Appendix 2, pp. 289-293
 Indicators of Human Welfare and
Ecological Footprint
Quantitatively HDI (by United Nations
Development Program)
Human Development (HDI) is a summary
measure of a countrys average
achievement by three (3) basic
dimensions of human development:

Meadows, D. et al. 2004, Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update, Appendix 2, pp. 289-293
1. A long and healthy life, as measured by life
expectancy at birth

2. Knowledge, as measured by the adult

literacy rate (2/3) and combined primary,
secondary and tertiary gross enrollment rate
(1/3)

3. A decent standard of living, as measured by

GDP per capita (in PPP-$, purchasing power
parity US dollars)
 Indicators of Human Welfare and
Ecological Footprint
Human Ecological Footprint is total
environmental impact placed on the
global resource base and ecosystem
by humanity.

Meadows, D. et al. 2004, Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update, Appendix 2, pp. 289-293
 Indicators of Human Welfare and
Ecological Footprint
Quantitatively EF (Mathis Wackernage, et al, 1990s)
EF (Ecological Footprint) Land area necessary to
provide for the current way of life (w/average
hectacres)

Where land area is total cropland, grazing land,

forestland, and, fishing grounds, and built-up land
needed to maintain a given population at a given
lifestyle; plus the forest land needed to absorb
the carbon dioxide emissions from the fossil
energy used by the population.

*Values published (biannually) by World Wide Fund for Nature

 World Sustainability at 2030
tool concept (conscious operation)

1 Visioning
2 Networking
3 Truth-telling
4 Learning
5 Loving
Meadows, D. et al. 2004, Limits to Growth: The 30-Year Update, Chelsea Green
Publishing, Chapter 8
Fossil Fuel Resources
Figure 6. The green energy future scenario. Solar and wind energy grow at 25%/yr,
while nuclear power and coal as energy sources grow at 1%/yr as is currently the
case. Finally, nonconventional oil and gas development are not pursued and
therefore too small to be visible in the plot.

Brecha, Berney, and Craver, Am. J. Physics, Vol. 75, No. 10, October 2007
Figure 7. The nuclear-supplemented fossil-fuel energy future scenario. Wind energy
grows at 10%/yr and coal grows at 1&/yr. while nuclear power as an energy sources
increases at 10%/yr beginning in 10 years to allow for ramp-up. Solar is too small to
be visible.

Brecha, Berney, and Craver, Am. J. Physics, Vol. 75, No. 10, October 2007
Total and per capital energy use for nine selected countries. The Human
Development Index (HDI) is a rough measure of standard of living. In
general, higher HDI correlates with higher per capita energy use.

Brecha, Berney, and Craver, Am. J. Physics., Vol. 75, No. 10, October 2007
Economic energy intensity determined by two different measures for nine
selected countries. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) can be measured using
either market exchange rates (MER) or purchasing power parity (PPP).

Brecha, Berney, and Craver, Am. J. Physics., Vol. 75, No. 10, October 2007
This is profound:

the Club of Rome, which has since been updated

twice. Without going into the details of why this
work should still be read, the main points are borne
out by the calculations presented in this paper:
fossil-fuel resources are finite, exponential growth
cannot be sustained in a finite ecosystem, the
population increases are placing severe pressures
on both the ecosystem and on natural resource
supplies.

Brecha, Berney, and Craver, Am. J. Physics., Vol. 75, No. 10, October 2007
 A Sustainable Fuel Process-Acetylene

Chemical Reactions: acetylene from limestone

Reaction and charcoal
Biomass
Pyrolysis CxHyOz C(s) + Volatiles
heat

CaCO3 CaO + CO2(g)

Calcination heat (ime)

Reduction CaO + 3 C(s) CaC2(s) + CO(g)

Acetylene CaC2(s) + H2O(l) C2H2(g) + CaO

Generation (lime)

Combustion C2H2(g) + 2.5O2 2 CO2(g) + H2O

continued
Comments: (Acetylene Fuel)
Net thermodynamics energy positive
Carbide preparation requires
3100 kWh/tonne
Solar/wind energy
CO2(g) emissions will return to charcoal via
trees and pyrolysis
Limestone is widely distributed
Carrier for carbon
Lime, recycle or reuse
Patents exist for acetylene fuel
Thank you for your attention!

Questions?