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    OFDMA

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    OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) is a multiple access technique that allows multiple users to access the same frequency band simultaneously without interfering with one another. It works by dividing the available bandwidth into multiple orthogonal subcarriers, and assigning subsets of these subcarriers to individual users. This allows efficient use of spectrum and eliminates intra-cell interference. OFDMA provides advantages like multi-user diversity and receiver simplicity, but suffers from issues like high peak-to-average power ratio and need for tight synchronization between users. It is used in wireless standards like WiMax due to its ability to support high data rates in fading environments.

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    OFDMA

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    Anonymous 4tOJBMxdP
    131 views29 pages
    OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) is a multiple access technique that allows multiple users to access the same frequency band simultaneously without interfering with one another. It works by dividing the available bandwidth into multiple orthogonal subcarriers, and assigning subsets of these subcarriers to individual users. This allows efficient use of spectrum and eliminates intra-cell interference. OFDMA provides advantages like multi-user diversity and receiver simplicity, but suffers from issues like high peak-to-average power ratio and need for tight synchronization between users. It is used in wireless standards like WiMax due to its ability to support high data rates in fading environments.

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    OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) is a multiple access technique that allows multiple users to access the same frequency band simultaneously without interfering with one another. It works by dividing the available bandwidth into multiple orthogonal subcarriers, and assigning subsets of these subcarriers to individual users. This allows efficient use of spectrum and eliminates intra-cell interference. OFDMA provides advantages like multi-user diversity and receiver simplicity, but suffers from issues like high peak-to-average power ratio and need for tight synchronization between users. It is used in wireless standards like WiMax due to its ability to support high data rates in fading environments.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    131 views29 pages

    OFDMA

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous 4tOJBMxdP
    OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) is a multiple access technique that allows multiple users to access the same frequency band simultaneously without interfering with one another. It works by dividing the available bandwidth into multiple orthogonal subcarriers, and assigning subsets of these subcarriers to individual users. This allows efficient use of spectrum and eliminates intra-cell interference. OFDMA provides advantages like multi-user diversity and receiver simplicity, but suffers from issues like high peak-to-average power ratio and need for tight synchronization between users. It is used in wireless standards like WiMax due to its ability to support high data rates in fading environments.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 29

    Orthogonal Frequency Division

    Multiple Access
    (OFDMA)

    Khaja Mohammad Shazzad


    Outline

    1. Background
    Multiple Access (MA) Methods
    2. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
    (OFDM) Based Multiple Access (OFDMA)
    Orthogonality Principle
    OFDM
    OFDM-FDMA
    3. Advantages and Disadvantages of OFDMA
    4. Conclusion
    2
    Multiple Access (MA)

    General wireless cellular systems are multi-users


    systems
    Radio resource are limited
    Limited Bandwidth
    Limited number of channels
    The radio resource must be shared among multiple
    users
    Multiple Access Control (MAC) needed
    Contention-based
    Non-contention-based
    Contention-based
    Multiple Access(MA)

    Contention-based
    Each terminal transmits in a decentralized way
    No central controller (Base stations or access points)
    Example:
    ALOHA
    Carrier Sensing Multiple Access (CSMA)
    Standard:
    GSM [l] uses the slotted ALOHA in the terminals initial
    access process
    IEEE 802.11 uses CSMA/CA based contention access
    scheme

    4
    Non-contention-based
    Multiple Access (MA)

    A logic controller (BS or AP) is needed to


    coordinate the transmissions of all the terminals
    The controller informs each device when and on
    which channel it can transmit
    Collisions can be avoided entirely
    Two Subdivisions
    1. Non-channelization
    2. Channelization
    Non-channelization
    Non-contention-based MA

    Terminals transmit sequentially using the same


    channel
    Example:
    Polling based medium access
    Standard:
    IEEE 802.15(WPAN)
    IEEE 802.11(WLAN)
    Channelization
    Non-contention-based MA

    Terminals transmit simultaneously using different channels


    Most commonly used protocols in cellular systems
    Example:
    1. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)
    2. Code Division Multiple Access( CDMA)
    1. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
    Standard
    1. GSM (TDMA)
    2. IS-95 (CDMA)
    3. American Mobile Phone System, AMPS (FDMA)
    Time Division Multiple Access
    (TDMA)

    GSM
    Time slot 0.577 ms
    Frame 4.6 ms
    8 time slots per frame
    Frequency band 20 KHz

    8
    Code Division Multiple Access
    (CDMA)

    IS-95
    Orthogonal Walsh codes
    64 codes (channels)
    One pilot channel
    Seven paging channels
    55 traffic channels
    Each carrier 1.25 MHz
    Frequency Division Multiple Access
    (FDMA)

    American Mobile Phone


    System (AMPS)
    Total Bandwidth 25 MHz
    Each Channel 30 KHz
    Orthogonal Frequency Division
    Multiplexing (OFDM) Based Multiple
    Access (OFDMA)

    Orthogonality Principle
    OFDM
    OFDM-FDMA
    Orthogonality Principle

    Vector space
    A, B and C vectors in
    space are orthogonal to
    each other B
    A.B=B.C=C.A=0
    (A+B+C).A=(mod A)^2
    (A+B+C).B=(mod B)^2
    A
    (A+B+C).C=(mod C)^2
    C

    12
    Orthogonality Principle cont..

    Real Function space

    f1 (t ) A sin( wt )
    f 2 (t ) B cos( wt )
    T
    f1 (t ) f 2 (t ) dt 0
    f m (t ) M sin( mwt)
    f n (t ) N cos( nwt )
    T
    f m (t ) f n (t ) dt 0
    Orthogonality Principle cont..

    m.n
    T
    sin(mwt)sin(nwt)dt 0 where m n
    0
    T
    sin(mwt)cos(nwt)dt 0
    f (t ) sin( wt ) sin(2wt ) 0

    Here mw and nw are called


    m-th and n-th harmonics of
    w respectively
    Orthogonal Frequency Division
    Multiplexing(OFDM)

    It is a special kind of FDM


    The spacing between carriers are such that
    they are orthogonal to one another
    Therefore no need of guard band between
    carriers.
    One example makes the thing clear

    15
    Example of OFDM

    Lets we have following information bits


    1, 1, -1, -1, 1, 1, 1, -1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 1, -1, -1,
    Just converts the serials bits to parallel bits
    C1 C2 C3 C4

    1 1 -1 -1
    1 1 1 -1
    1 -1 -1 -1
    -1 1 -1 -1
    -1 1 1 -1
    -1 -1 1 1
    Example of OFDM cont..

    Modulate each column with corresponding sub-carrier using BPSK

    Modulated signal for C1 Modulated signal for C2

    Modulated signal for C3 Modulated signal for C4


    Example of OFDM cont..

    Final OFDM Signal = Sum of all signal


    V(t)
    V (t ) I (t ) sin( 2nt )
    N 1

    n
    n 0

    Generated OFDM signal, V(t)


    OFDM-FDMA (OFDMA)

    Each terminal occupies


    a subset of sub-carriers
    Subset is called an user4
    OFDMA traffic channel user3
    Each traffic channel is
    user2
    assigned exclusively to
    one user at any time user1
    OFDM-FDMA (OFDMA)

    The IEEE 802.16e/ WiMax use OFDMA as


    Multiple access technique
    Bandwidth options 1.25, 5, 10, or 20 MHz
    Entire bandwidth divided into 128, 512, 1024 or
    2048 sub carriers
    20 MHz bandwidth with 2048 sub carriers has 9.8
    KHz spacing between sub carriers
    OFDM-FDMA (System View)
    Advantages of OFDMA

    Multi-user Diversity
    broadband signals experience frequency selective
    fading
    OFDMA allows different users to transmit over
    different portions of the broadband spectrum (traffic
    channel)
    Different users perceive different channel qualities,
    a deep faded channel for one user may still be
    favorable to others

    22
    Advantages of OFDMA cont..

    Multi-user Diversity
    Advantages of OFDMA cont..

    Efficient use of Spectrum

    4/3 Hz per symbol

    6/5 Hz per symbol


    Advantages of OFDMA cont..

    Receiver Simplicity
    It eliminates the intra-cell interference avoiding
    CDMA type of multi-user detection
    Orthogonality of code destroyed by selective
    fading
    Only FFT processor is required
    Bit Error Rate performance is better only in Fading
    environment
    Disadvantages of OFDMA
    2
    Peak to average power x(t )
    ratio (PAPR) PAPR
    P avg

    The large amplitude variation increases in-band noise and


    increases the BER when the signal has to go through amplifier
    nonlinearities.
    Disadvantages of OFDMA cont..

    Synchronization
    Tight Synchronization between users are
    required for FFT in receiver
    Pilot signals are used for synchronizations
    Co-channel interference
    Dealing with this is more complex in OFDM than in CDMA
    Dynamic channel allocation with advanced
    coordination among adjacent base stations

    27
    Research issues and Conclusion

    Future works
    Peak-to-average power reduction in OFDM
    Timing and Frequency Synchronization
    Efficient digital signal processing Implementation of OFDM
    Multiple input/Multiple output (MIMO) OFDM
    Conclusion
    Different variations of OFDMA are proposed and
    have different pros and cons

    28
    Thank You

    Questions
    or
    Comments?

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