CSCI 330

THE UNIX SYSTEM

C Shell Programming
STEPS TO CREATE SHELL PROGRAMS
Specify shell to execute program
Script must begin with #! (pronounced shebang)
to identify shell to be executed

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Examples:
#! /bin/sh (defaults to bash)
#! /bin/bash
#! /bin/csh
#! /usr/bin/tcsh
Make the shell program executable
Use the chmod command to make the
program/script file executable
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EXAMPLE: HELLO SCRIPT
#! /bin/csh
echo "Hello $USER"

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echo "This machine is `uname -n`"
echo "The calendar for this month is:"
cal
echo "You are running these processes:"
ps

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EXAMPLE SCRIPT OUTPUT
% chmod u+x hello
% ./hello
Hello ege!

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This machine is turing
The calendar for this month is
February 2008
S M Tu W Th F S
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28
You are running these processes:
PID TTY TIME CMD
24861 pts/18 0:00 hello.csh 4
24430 pts/18 0:00 csh
SHELL LOGIC STRUCTURES
Basic logic structures needed for program
development:

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Sequential logic
User input
Decision logic
Looping logic
Case logic

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INPUT TO A C SHELL SCRIPT
Reading/prompting for user input
Providing input as command line arguments

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Accessing contents of files

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READING USER INPUT WITH $<
Use a special C shell variable:
$<

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Reads a line from terminal (stdin)
up to, but not including the new line

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EXAMPLE: ACCEPTING USER INPUT
#! /bin/csh
echo "What is your name?"

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set name = $<
echo Greetings to you, $name
echo "See you soon"

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EXAMPLE: ACCEPTING USER INPUT
% chmod u+x greetings
% ./greetings
User entered

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What is your name?
Laura Flowers
Laura Flowers
Greetings to you, Laura Flowers
See you soon

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COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS
Use arguments to modify script behavior

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command line arguments become
positional parameters to C shell script

positional parameters are numbered variables:

$1, $2, $3

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COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS
Meaning
$0 name of the script

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$1, $2 first and second parameter
${10} 10th parameter
{ } prevents $1 misunderstanding
$* all positional parameters
$#argv the number of arguments

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EXAMPLE: COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS
#! /bin/csh
# Usage: greetings name1 name2

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# Input: name1 and name2
echo $0 to you $1 $2
echo Today is `date` $1 $2
echo Good Bye $1 $2

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EXAMPLE: COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS

$0 => greetings
$1 => Mark

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$2 => Flowers
% chmod u+x greetings
% ./greetings Mark Flowers
./greetings to you Mark Flowers
Today is Mon Feb 16 14:18:03 CST 2008
Good Bye Mark Flowers

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DECISION LOGIC
if Statement: simplest forms

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if ( expression ) command

if ( expression ) then
command(s)
endif

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DECISION LOGIC
if-then-else Statement

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if ( expression ) then
command(s)
else
command(s)
endif

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DECISION LOGIC
if-then-else Statement

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if ( expression ) then
command(s)
else if ( expression ) then
command(s)
else
command(s)
endif

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BASIC OPERATORS IN EXPRESSIONS
Meaning
() grouping

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! Logical not
> >= < <= greater than, less than
== != equal to, not equal to

|| Logical or
&& Logical and

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EXPRESSION EXAMPLES
if ( $1 == next ) echo $2

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if ( $#argv != 0 ) then

endif

if ( $#argv > 0 && $#argv < 5) then

endif

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EXAMPLE: COMMAND LINE ARGUMENTS
#! /bin/csh
if ( $#argv == 0 ) then

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echo -n "Enter time in minutes: "
@ min = $<
else
@ min = $1
endif
@ sec = $min * 60
echo $min minutes is $sec seconds

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EXAMPLE: READING FILE CONTENTS
#! /bin/csh
# Usage: lookup nameOrNumber

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set list = "users.txt"
if ( $#argv == 0 ) then
echo -n "Enter name OR z-id: "
set name = $<
else
set name = $*
endif
grep -i "$name" $list
if ( $status ) echo "$name not found" 20
FILE TESTING OPERATORS
Syntax: if ( -opr filename )

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opr Meaning
r Read access
w Write access
x Execute access
e Existence
z Zero length
f Ordinary file
d directory
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EXAMPLE: FILE TESTING
if ( -e $1 ) then
echo $1 exists

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if ( -f $1 ) then
echo $1 is an ordinary file
else
echo $1 is NOT ordinary file
endif
else
echo $1 does NOT exist
endif
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C SHELL LOOPING CONSTRUCTS
predetermined iterations
repeat

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foreach

condition-based iterations
while

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FIXED NUMBER ITERATIONS
Syntax:

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repeat number command

executes command number times

Examples:
repeat 5 ls
repeat 2 echo go home

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THE FOREACH STATEMENT
foreach name ( wordlist )
commands

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end

wordlist is:
list of words, or
multi-valued variable
each time through,
foreach assigns the next item in wordlist to the
variable $name
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EXAMPLE: FOREACH STATEMENT
foreach word ( one two three )
echo $word

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end

or

set list = ( one two three )

foreach word ( $list )
echo $word
end
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LOOPS WITH FOREACH
useful to process result of command,
one at a time

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Example:
#! /bin/csh
@ sum = 0
foreach file (`ls`)
set size = `cat $file | wc -c`
echo "Counting: $file ($size)"
@ sum = $sum + $size
end
echo Sum: $sum 27
THE WHILE STATEMENT
while ( expression )
commands

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end

use when the number of iterations is not known

in advance
execute commands when the expression is true

terminates when the expression becomes false

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EXAMPLE: WHILE
#! /bin/csh
@ var = 5

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while ( $var > 0 )
echo $var
@ var = $var 1
end

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EXAMPLE: WHILE
#! /bin/csh
echo -n "Enter directory to list: "

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set dirname = $<
while ( ! -d $dirname )
echo "$dirname is not directory"
echo -n "Enter directory to list: "
set dirname = $<
end
ls $dirname

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LOOP CONTROL

break
ends loop, i.e. breaks out of current loop

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continue
ends current iteration of loop, continues with
next iteration

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LOOP CONTROL EXAMPLE

#! /bin/csh
while (1)

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echo -n "want more? "
set answer = $<
if ($answer == "y") echo "fine"
if ($answer == "n") break
if ($answer == "c") continue
echo "now we are at the end"
end

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LOOP CONTROL EXAMPLE

#! /bin/csh
while ( 1 )

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echo -n "Enter directory to list: "
set dirname = $<
if ( -d $dirname ) break
echo "$dirname is not directory"
end
ls $dirname

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THE SWITCH STATEMENT
Use when a variable can take different values
Use switch statement to process different cases

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(case statement)

Can replace a long sequence of

if-then-else statements

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THE SWITCH STATEMENT
switch ( string ) C shell compares string
case pattern1: to each pattern until it

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finds a match
command(s)
breaksw
case pattern2: When a match is
command(s) found, execute the
command(s)
breaksw
endsw
until breaksw

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THE SWITCH STATEMENT
switch (string)
case pattern1:

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command(s)
breaksw
case pattern2:
command(s)
breaksw
default: When a match is not found,
command(s) execute the commands
following the default label
breaksw
endsw 36
EXAMPLE: SWITCH
switch ($var)
case one:

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echo it is 1
breaksw
case two:
echo it is 2
breaksw
default:
echo it is $var
breaksw
endsw 37
THE SWITCH STATEMENT
if no pattern matches and there is no default,
then nothing gets executed

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do not omit the breaksw statement !
If you omit the breaksw statement, all the commands
under the next case pattern are executed until a
breaksw or endsw statement is encountered

pattern may contain wildcards:

*, ?, []
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EXAMPLE: SWITCH GREETING
#! /bin/csh
# Usage: greeting name
# examines time of day for greeting

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set hour=`date`
switch ($hour[4])
case 0*:
case 1[01]*:
set greeting=morning ; breaksw
case 1[2-7]*:
set greeting=afternoon ; breaksw
default:
set greeting=evening
endsw
echo Good $greeting $1 39
EXAMPLE C SHELL PROGRAM
AVAILABLE OPTIONS
*******************

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[1] Display today's date
[2] How many people are logged on
[3] How many user accounts exist
[4] Exit
Enter Your Choice [1-4]:

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USERUTIL SHELL SCRIPT 1 OF 2
#! /bin/csh
# Usage: userutil

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while (1)
echo "AVAILABLE OPTIONS"
echo "*******************"
echo "[1] Display today's date"
echo "[2] How many people are logged on"
echo "[3] How many user accounts exist"
echo "[4] Exit"
echo "Enter Your Choice [1-4]:"

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USERUTIL SHELL SCRIPT 2 OF 2
set answer = $<
switch ($answer)
case "1":

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echo `date`; breaksw
case "2":
echo `users | wc -w` users are logged in
breaksw
case "3":
echo `cat /etc/passwd | wc -l` users exists
breaksw
case "4":
echo "BYE"
break
breaksw
endsw
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end # end of while
ADVANCED C SHELL PROGRAMMING
Quoting
Here

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Debugging

Trapping Signals

Functions ?
calling other scripts
exec, source, eval

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QUOTING
mechanism for marking a section of a command
for special processing:

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command substitution: `...`
double quotes:
single quotes:
backslash: \

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DOUBLE QUOTES
prevents breakup of string into words
turn off the special meaning of most wildcard

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characters and the single quote
$ character keeps its meaning
! history references keeps its meaning

Examples:
echo "* isn't a wildcard inside quotes"
echo "my path is $PATH"

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SINGLE QUOTES
wildcards, variables and command substitutions
are all treated as ordinary text

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history references are recognized

Examples:
echo '*'
echo '$cwd'
echo '`echo hello`'
echo 'hi there !'

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BACKSLASH

backslash character \
treats following character literally

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Examples:
echo \$ is a dollar sign
echo \\ is a backslash

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THE HERE COMMAND
Command Syntax Meaning
command << keyword Read lines from input until keyword is

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encountered at the beginning of a line

Example:
ispell -l << DONE
I was running along quite nicely
when I was acosted by the mail man
whio insisted that my name is Raimund
but I did not believe him
DONE 48
DEBUGGING SCRIPTS
% csh n scriptname
parse commands but do not execute them

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% csh v scriptname
Display each line of the script before execution

% csh x scriptname
Displays each line of the script after variable
substitutions and before execution

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can also be added to shebang line !
TRAPPING SIGNALS
any Unix process can be interrupted by a signal
common signal:

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^C typed via keyboard

causes csh to terminate

can be trapped, i.e. other behavior specified
useful for cleanup upon forced exit

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TRAPPING SIGNAL
Syntax:
onintr label

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execution continues at label if interrupt signal is
received

onintr
ignore interrupt signal

onintr
restore previous interrupt signal behavior
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ONINTR EXAMPLE
#! /bin/csh
onintr label

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while (1)
echo .
sleep 1
end

label:
echo signal received

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DIVIDE AND CONQUER
how to modularize a shell script
call Unix commands and utilities

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call other scripts
as subshell
sourced

in place

evaluate strings to commands

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CALLING OTHER SCRIPTS
as subshell, via:
csh scriptname

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scriptname

subshell does not see current shells variables

subshell sees current environment variables

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EXAMPLE: OUTER

#! /bin/csh

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set var = "outer"
setenv VAR "outer"

echo "outer: $var $VAR"

csh inner

echo "outer: $var $VAR"

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EXAMPLE: INNER

#! /bin/csh

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if ( ! $?var ) set var = "unknown"
echo "inner: $var $VAR"

set var = "inner"

setenv VAR "inner"

echo "inner: $var $VAR"

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SOURCE OTHER SCRIPT: NO SUBSHELL
#! /bin/csh

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set var = "outer"
setenv VAR "outer"

echo "outer: $var $VAR"

source inner

echo "outer: $var $VAR"

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EXEC OTHER SCRIPT: NO RETURN
#! /bin/csh

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set var = "outer"
setenv VAR "outer"

echo "outer: $var $VAR"

exec ./inner

echo "outer: $var $VAR"

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THE EVAL COMMAND
eval
evaluates string

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executes resulting string

Example:
set x = 23
set y = x
eval echo \$$y

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EXAMPLE: THE EVAL COMMAND
#!/bin/csh
set A = 1

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set B = 2
set C = 3
foreach i (A B C)
eval echo \$$i
end

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