Intro to Arduino

Zero to Prototyping
in a Flash!

Material designed by Linz Craig, Nick Poole, Prashanta Aryal,

Theo Simpson, Tai Johnson, and Eli Santistevan
 Overview of Class

Getting Started:
Installation, Applications and Materials
Electrical:
Components, Ohm's Law, Input and Output, Analog and Digital
-----------------------------
Programming:
Split into groups depending on experience
Serial Communication Basics:
Troubleshooting and Debugging
Virtual Prototyping:
Schematics and PCB Layout in Fritzing

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 Arduino Board
Strong Friend Created in Ivrea, Italy
in 2005 by Massimo Banzi & David Cuartielles
Open Source Hardware
Processor
Coding is accessible & transferrable (C++, Processing, java)

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 Arduino

is the go-to gear for artists, hobbyists,

students, and anyone with a
gadgetry dream.

rose out of anotherformidable

challenge: how to teach students to
create electronics, fast.

http://spectrum.ieee.org/geek-life/hands-on/the-making-of-arduino

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 Getting Started

SW Installation: Arduino (v.1.0+)

Fritzing
SIK Guide Code
Drivers (FTDI)

Materials: SIK Guide

Analog I/O, Digital I/O, Serial,
& Fritzing handouts
Arduino CheatSheet

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 PWR IN USB
(to Computer)

RESET

SCL\SDA
(I2C Bus)

POWER
5V / 3.3V / GND
Digital I\O
PWM(3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11)

Analog
INPUTS

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 PWR IN USB
(to Computer)

RESET

SCL\SDA
(I2C Bus)

POWER
5V / 3.3V / GND
Digital I\O
PWM(3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 11)

Analog
INPUTS

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Go ahead and plug your board in!

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 Arduino Shields

PCB Built Shield Inserted Shield

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 Arduino Shields

Micro SD MP3 Trigger LCD

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 SIK Components
Name Image Type Function Notes
Push Button Digital Input Switch - Closes Polarized, needs
or opens circuit resistor

Trim Analog Input Variable resistor Also called a

Trimpot.
potentiometer
Photoresistor Analog Input Light Dependent Resistance varies
Resistor (LDR) with light.

Relay Digital Output Switch driven by Used to control

a small signal larger voltages
Temp Sensor Analog Input Temp Dependent
Resistor
Flex Sensor Analog Input Variable resistor

Soft Trimpot Analog Input Variable resistor Careful of shorts

RGB LED Dig & Analog 16,777,216 Ooh... So pretty.

Output different colors

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 SIK Components

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 SIK Components

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 SIK Components

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 Electricity \ Electronics Basic
Concept Review
Ohms Law
Voltage
Current
Resistance
Using a Multi-meter

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 Ohms Law

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 Electrical Properties

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 Current Flow Analogy

High Current Low Current

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 Voltage Analogy

Water
Tower
Water
Tower

V
V

More Energy == Higher Voltage Less Energy == Lower Voltage

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 Resistance Analogy

Water Water
Tower Tower

Big Pipe == Lower Resistance Small Pipe == Higher Resistance

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 Continuity Is it a Circuit?

The word circuit is derived from the circle. An

Electrical Circuit must have a continuous LOOP
from Power (Vcc) to Ground (GND).

Continuity is important to make portions of

circuits are connect. Continuity is the simplest
and possibly the most important setting on
your multi-meter. Sometimes we call this
ringing out a circuit.

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 Measuring Electricity Voltage

Voltage is a measure of potential

electrical energy. A voltage is also called
a potential difference it is measured
between two points in a circuit across
a device.

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 Measuring Electricity -- Current

Current is the measure of the rate of charge flow.

For Electrical Engineers we consider this to
be the movement of electrons.
In order to measure this you must break the
circuit or insert the meter in-line (series).

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 Measuring Electricity -- Resistance

Resistance is the measure of how much

opposition to current flow is in a circuit.
Components should be removed entirely from
the circuit to measure resistance. Note the
settings on the multi-meter. Make sure that
you are set for the appropriate range.
Resistance
settings

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 Prototyping Circuits
Solderless Breadboard
One of the most useful tools in an
engineer or Makers toolkit. The three
most important things:
A breadboard is easier than soldering
A lot of those little holes are connected, which ones?
Sometimes breadboards break

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 Whats a Breadboard?

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 Solderless Breadboard

Each row (horiz.) of 5

holes are
connected.

Vertical columns
called power bus
are connected
vertically

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Using the Breadboard to built a
simple circuit

Use the breadboard

to wire up a single
LED with a 330
Ohm Resistor
(Orange-Orange-
Brown).
Note: the longer leg on the
LED is the positive leg and
the shorter leg is the
negative

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Fritzing View of Breadboard Circuit

What happens
when you
break the
circuit?
What if you
wanted to add
more than
one LED?

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Adding control lets use the
Arduino
and start programming!!!

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 Concepts: INPUT vs. OUTPUT

Referenced from the perspective of the microcontroller (electrical

board).
Inputs is a signal / Output is any signal
information going into the exiting the board.
board.

Almost all systems that use physical computing will have

some form of output

What are some examples of Outputs?

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 Concepts: INPUT vs. OUTPUT

Referenced from the perspective of the microcontroller (electrical

board).
Inputs is a signal / Output is any signal
information going into the exiting the board.
board.

Examples: Buttons Switches, Examples: LEDs, DC motor,

Light Sensors, Flex Sensors, servo motor, a piezo buzzer,
Humidity Sensors, relay, an RGB LED
Temperature Sensors

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 Concepts: Analog vs. Digital
Microcontrollers are digital devices ON or
OFF. Also called discrete.

analog signals are anything that can be a

full range of values. What are some
examples? More on this later

5V 5V

0V 0V

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 Open up Arduino

Hints:
For PC Users For Mac Users
1. Let the installer copy 1. Move the Arduino
and move the files to executable to the
the appropriate dock for ease of
locations, or access.
2. Create a folder under 2. Resist the
C:\Program Files (x86) temptation to run
called Arduino. Move these from your
the entire Arduino desktop.
program folder here.

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 Arduino
Integrated Development Environment (IDE)

Two required functions /

methods / routines:

void setup()
{
// runs once
}

void loop()
{
// repeats
error & status messages }
Settings: Tools Serial Port

Your computer
communicates to the
Arduino microcontroller
via a serial port
through a USB-Serial
adapter.

Check to make sure that

the drivers are properly
installed.

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 Settings: Tools Board

Next, double-check that the proper board is selected

under the ToolsBoard menu.

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Arduino & Arduino Compatible Boards

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BIG 6 CONCEPTS

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 Lets get to coding

Project #1 Blink
Hello World of Physical Computing

Psuedo-code how should this work?

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 Comments, Comments, Comments
Comments are for you the programmer and your
friendsor anyone else human that might read your
code.

// this is for single line comments

// its good to put a description at the top and
before anything tricky
/* this is for multi-line comments
Like this
And this.
*/

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 comments

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 Three commands to know

pinMode(pin, INPUT/OUTPUT);
ex: pinMode(13, OUTPUT);

digitalWrite(pin, HIGH/LOW);
ex: digitalWrite(13, HIGH);

delay(time_ms);
ex: delay(2500); // delay of 2.5 sec.

// NOTE: -> commands are CASE-sensitive

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 Project #1: Wiring Diagram

Move the green

wire from the
power bus to pin
13 (or any other
Digital I/O pin on
the Arduino
board.

Image created in Fritzing

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 A few simple challenges
Lets make LED#13 blink!
Challenge 1a blink with a 200 ms
second interval.

Challenge 1b blink to mimic a heartbeat

Challenge 1c find the fastest blink that

the human eye can still detect
1 ms delay? 2 ms delay? 3 ms delay???

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 Try adding other LEDs

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Programming Concepts: Variables

Variable Scope

Global
---
Function-
level

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 Programming Concepts: Variable
Types

Variable Types:

8 bits 16 bits 32 bits

byte int long

char unsigned int unsigned long
float

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 Fading in and Fading Out
(Analog or Digital?)

A few pins on the Arduino allow for us

to modify the output to mimic an
analog signal.

This is done by a technique called:

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

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 Concepts: Analog vs. Digital

To create an analog signal, the microcontroller uses

a technique called PWM. By varying the duty cycle,
we can mimic an average analog voltage.

Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

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 Project #2 Fading
Introducing a new command

analogWrite(pin, val);

pin refers to the OUTPUT

pin (limited to pins 3, 5, 6, 9,
10, 11.) denoted by a ~
symbol

val 8 bit value (0 255).

0 => 0V | 255 => 5V

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 Move one of your LED pins over to
Pin 9
In Arduino, open up:
File Examples 01.Basics Fade

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 Fade - Code Review

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 Fade - Code Review

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 Project# 2 -- Fading

Challenge 2a Change the rate of the

fading in and out. There are at least
two different ways to do this can
you figure them out?

Challenge 2b Use 2 (or more) LEDs

so that one fades in as the other
one fades out.

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R G B
Color Mixing
Tri-color LED

In the SIK, this is a standard

Common Cathode LED

This means the negative

side of the LED is all tied to
Ground.

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 Project 3 RGB LED

Note: The
longest leg of
the RGB LED is
the Common
Cathode. This
goes to GND.

Use pins 5, 6, &

9

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How many unique colors can you
create?

Use Colorpicker.com or
experiment on your
own.
Pick out a few colors
that you want to try
re-creating for a
lamp or lighting
display...
Play around with this
with the

analogWrite()
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 RGB LED Color Mixing

int redPin = 5;
int greenPin = 6;
int bluePin = 9;

void setup()
{
pinMode(redPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(greenPin, OUTPUT);
pinMode(bluePin, OUTPUT);
}

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 RGB LED Color Mixing

void loop()
{
analogWrite(redPin, 255);
analogWrite (greenPin, 255);
analogWrite (bluePin, 255);
}

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Project: Mood Lamp / Light Sculpture

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Napkin
Schematics

Emphasize the
engineering
design process
with students. We
like to skirt the
line between
formal and
informal with a
tool called
Napkin
Schematics.

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Napkin
Schematics

Emphasize the
engineering
design process
with students. We
like to skirt the
line between
formal and
informal with a
tool called
Napkin
Schematics.

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 Driving Motors or other High Current
Loads

NPN Transistor (Common Emitter Amplifier Circuit)

to Digital
Pin 9

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 Input

Input is any signal entering an electrical system

.
Both digital and analog sensors are forms of
input
Input can also take many other forms:
Keyboards, a mouse, infrared sensors, biometric
sensors, or just plain voltage from a circuit

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 Project #4 Digital Input

In Arduino, open up:

File Examples 02.Digital
Button

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Digital Sensors (a.k.a. Switches)
Pull-up Resistor (circuit)

to Digital Pin 2

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 Digital Sensors (a.k.a. Switches)
Add an indicator LED to Pin 13
This is just like our
1st circuit!

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 Digital Input

Connect digital input to your Arduino using Pins # 0 13

(Although pins # 0 & 1 are also used for programming)

Digital Input needs a pinMode command:

pinMode (pinNumber, INPUT);
Make sure to use ALL CAPS for INPUT

To get a digital reading:

int buttonState = digitalRead (pinNumber);

Digital Input values are only HIGH (On) or LOW (Off)

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 Digital Sensors

Digital sensors are more straight forward than

Analog

No matter what the sensor there are only two

settings: On and Off

Signal is always either HIGH (On) or LOW (Off)

Voltage signal for HIGH will be a little less than 5V

on your Uno

Voltage signal for LOW will be 0V on most systems

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http://opensourcehardwarejunkies.com/tutorial-03-digitalread-and-
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Programming: Conditional
Statements
if()

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 Programming: Conditional
Statements
if()
void loop()
{
int buttonState = digitalRead(5);
if(buttonState == LOW)
{ // do something DIG
INPUT
}
else
{ // do something else
}
}

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 Boolean Operators

<Boolean> Description
( ) == ( ) is equal?
( ) != ( ) is not equal?
( ) > ( ) greater than
( ) >= ( ) greater than or equal
( ) < ( ) less than
( ) <= ( ) less than or equal

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 Trimpot (Potentiometer)
Variable Resistor

fixed
end

wiper

fixed
end

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 Analog Sensors
3 Pin Potentiometer = var. resistor
(circuit)
a.k.a. Voltage Divider Circuit

wiper

fixed
ends 1.0 V 1.0 V

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 Ohms Law (just the basics)
Actually, this is the voltage divider

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 analogRead()

Arduino uses a 10-bit A/D Converter:

this means that you get input values
from 0 to 1023
0V0
5 V 1023
Ex:
int sensorValue = analogRead(A0);

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 Using Serial Communication

Method used to transfer data between two

devices.
Data passes between the computer and Arduino
through the USB cable. Data is transmitted as zeros
(0) and ones (1) sequentially.

Arduino dedicates Digital I/O pin # 0 to

receiving and Digital I/O pin #1 to transmit.

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Serial Monitor & analogRead()

Initializes the Serial

Communication

9600 baud data rate

prints data to serial bus

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Serial Monitor & analogRead()

Opens up a
Serial Terminal
Window

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 Analog Sensors
2 Pin Analog Sensors = var. resistor

Take two sensors -- Use

the Serial Monitor
and find the range of
input values you get
for each sensor.

MaxAnalogRead = _________

MinAnalogRead = _________

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 Analog Sensors

Examples:
Sensors Variables
Mic soundVolume
Photoresistor lightLevel
Potentiometer dialPosition
Temp Sensor temperature
Flex Sensor bend
Accelerometer tilt/acceleration

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 Additional Serial Communication
Sending a Message

void loop ( )
{
Serial.print(Hands on ) ;
Serial.print(Learning ) ;
Serial.println(is Fun!!!) ;

}

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 Serial Communication:
Serial Debugging

void loop()
{
int xVar = 10;
Serial.print ( Variable xVar is ) ;
Serial.println ( xVar ) ;
}

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 Serial Communication:
Serial Troubleshooting

void loop ( )
{
Serial.print (Digital pin 9: );
Serial.println (digitalRead(9));
}

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 Virtual Electrical Prototyping Project
started in 2007 by the Interaction Design Lab
at the University of Applied Science Potsdam, Germany

Open Source

Prototypes: Document, Share, Teach, Manufacture

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Now that you feel comfortable putting
together circuits with your breadboard
lets talk about how to go from the
breadboard to a PCB

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 Free Time

The rest of the class is dedicated to free pursuit

Experiment with the various circuits and

lessons in the SIK.

Explore the additional tutorials available on

learn.sparkfun.com

Thank you for attending our Intro to Arduino

class

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 Questions?

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 www.sparkfun.com
6175 Longbow Drive, Suite 200
Boulder, Colorado 80301

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